Chapter 5
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Flexibility | the ability to move a joint or series of joints through full, unrestricted, pain-free ROM. Determined by joint ROM and soft tissue extensibility
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| Stretching | any therapeutic maneuver designed to increase soft tissue mobility. Facilitating elongation of tissue
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| Contracture | adaptive muscular shortening
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| hypermobility | increased joint ROM beyond what is generally considered to be typical for a joint or joints
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| Hypomobility | restricted motion caused by adaptive shortening of soft tissues around a joint
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| over stretching | stretching to elongate a tissue beyond limitation
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| Synergist muscles | muscles that work together to produce a given movement
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| Agonist Muscle | contracting muscle
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| Antagonist Muscle | stretched muscle
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| Reciprocal Inhibition | Contracting agonist, relaxing antagonist
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| Length-Tension relationship | Muscle's ability to develop tension based on position of muscle at time of contraction
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| When is peak force of muscle contraction | at mid range of motion
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| What causes a muscle to generate less force | Limited muscle flexiblity
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| What is the effect of muscle Tightness | effects joint mechanics, posture and injury. Loss of ROM
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| Factors affecting muscle function and length | connective tissue contracture, abnormal bony structure, soft tissue approximation, scar tissue
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| Soft tissue approximation | muscle mass and adipose limits ROM
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| Properties of connective tissue | Elasticity, Extensibility, failure
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| Elasticity | stretch and return to resting length
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| Extensibility | Ability to take on new length when stretched
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| failure | partial tearing/scaring
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| Stretch reflex | stimulation of mechanoreceptors that inform the CNS about musculotendinous length and tension.
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| Golgi Tendon Organ | Mechanoreceptor in tendon that respond to muscle lengthening and muscle tension. Cause a reflexive relaxation of involved muscle
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| Autogenic inhibition | reflexive relaxation of muscle.
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| Reciprical inhibition | increased firing of the GRO and a net decrease in overall muscle tension in the antagonist muscle during isometric contraction
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| Muscle spindle | mechanoreceptor inside muscle that respond to changes in muscle length
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| Plasticity | the ability of the soft tissue to assume a new length when a strech is applied
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| Failure(partial or complete rupture) | when soft tissue fibers are stretched beyond their limits
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| cyclic loading | the repeated application of stretching. low load long duration stretching is repeatedly applied to shortened tissues
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| Ballistic stretching | high intenisty stretch that will likely result in firing the muscle spindles and stimulation of the monosynaptic stretch reflex.
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| monosynaptic stretch reflex | muscle shorten to limit the effects of the stretching procedure
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| Active Warmup | increasing soft tissue extensibility by increasing tissue temperatures, allowing for more relaxation and better elongation of shortened tissues.
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| Thermotherapy | Superficial heating, including the application of moist hot packs, fluidotherapy, warm whirlpool baths, and paraffin. Deep therapy includes ultrasound and diathermy
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| Stretching window | the amount of time the clinician has to apply a stretch after removal of the modality... Less than 3 minutes
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| Cryotherapy | decreasing soft tissue extensibility and henderance of elongation of soft tissue extensibilty.
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| Ballistic Stretching | technique in which the patient or clinician performs dynamic elongation of the muscle beyond the muscle's normal range of motion
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| Dynamic stretching | actively moving a joint or joints quickly through their normal range of motion so as to slightly elongate muscles and significantly increase blood flow to tissues.
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| Static stretching | passive stretching which can be performed by the clinician, a partner, or the patient. Slow passive movement beyond the involved tissue's normal ROM
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| Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation stretching (PNF) | an approach that combines functionally based patterns of diagonal movement with neuromuscular facilitate techniques to evoke motor responses aimed at improving muscular control and function in preparation for activity.
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| Hold-Relax Technique (PNF) | involves lengthening a tight muscle and asking the patient to isometrically contract this muscle for several seconds, as the patient relaxes, the clinician lengthens the involved muscle further to new end ROM
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| Hold-relax with agonist contraction | same procedures as hold-relax technique; however, after the tight muscle is contracted isometrically against the clinician's resistance, the patient now concentrically contracts the muscle opposite the tight muscle to actively move the joint ROM to SS.
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| Contract-relax | passively lengthens the tight muscle to its end range. patient concentric contraction of tight muscle through full range. mild resistance applied during contracture. restretch tight muscle
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| Neural tension techniques | stretching aimed at decreasing adverse mechanical tension on nerves. Slow controlled elongation of the nerve to allow for better neural glide.
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