XXXPhoneticsCh123
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| Speech | The spoken expression of language
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| Language | Words and grammar used to express our thoughts
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| Cognition | Mental processes that help us learn to use speech and language
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| Subsystems used to produce speech sounds | Respiration, phonation, articulation
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| Speech sounds are categorized according to | place, manner and voicing
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| IPA International Phonetic Alphabet | a system used for transcribing speech according to the sounds used in speaking words rather than according to the way they are spelled
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| Morpheme | The minimal unit of meaning that carries a semantic interpretation; the smallest unit of language; morphemes comprise the lexicon
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| Morpheme Example: | Cat - 1 morpheme
cats - 2 morphemes (cat = 1 and /s/ = 2nd)
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| Phoneme: | A basic speech segment that has the linguistic function of distinguishing minimal units of meaning in spoken language; a basic SOUND segment that distinguishes a morpheme
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| Grapheme | a unit in the WRITING system of a language
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| Daughter: # of graphemes; # of phonemes | Graphemes = 8
Phonemes = 4
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| True or False: The act of speaking depends on an intricate and complex system of structures and their physiology working together to allow human beings to use speech to communicate. | True
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| Manner of Articulation | how the sound is produced; how the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract.
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| Place of Articulation | Refers to which articulators are involved in the production of specific speech sounds; WHERE the sound is produced.
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| True or False: Relevance of Phonetics relates to how knowledge of speech sounds can be used to assess and manage people with communication disorders. | True
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| Phonetic Errors | Addition
Deletion/Omission
Substitution
Distortion
Can also be CORRECT though...
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| Phonetic Transcription | a precise representation of what was said
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| Transcription provides the basis for what? | Diagnosing a speech disorder and developing an appropriate intervention strategy.
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| We will be learning Broad Transcription which is a type of transcription where: | symbols represent consonants, vowels, and dipthongs produced in a speech sample.
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| Another type of transcription is | Narrow Transcription which involves symbols to represent target sounds and considers slight variations.
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| Linguistic Complexity = | Length of the stimulus
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| Examples of Linguistic Complexity in a Speech Sample: | Sounds in isolation
Sounds in words
Sounds in sentences
Sounds in continuous speech
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| Response Complexity | Demands of the task captures situational differences between scoring and transcribing (transcribe only 1 target sound/situational unit, or entire speech sample.)
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| How many graphemes in English? | 26
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| How many phonemes in English? | 42
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| Alphabet | A set of letters or other characters used for writing a language
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| Phonemes: a word can have 1 or more. Use / / | Phonemes are a basic sound segment that has the linguistic function of distinguishing words
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| Physically, speech is: | a pattern of movement of the speech organs
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| Speech is also a pattern of what kind of vibration? | Acoustic vibration
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| True or False: For speech to be understandable, physiologic, acoustic and anatomical properties must work together. | True
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| Different usage patterns within a language is known as a | dialect
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| Dialects are a difference, not a | disorder
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| A lisp is not a speech difference; rather a lisp is a | disorder
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| SAE | Standard American English
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| Minimal Contrasts | 2 words that differ by only one phoneme (cat and bat)
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| IPA International Phonetic Alphabet | phonetic symbols included in a universal symbol system; some represent the printed alphabet and others do not.
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| A discipline that focuses on sounds that have become disordered or different is | clinical phonetics
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| Phonemes may be positioned in | initial, medial or final positions
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| Initial, medial or final positions denote | sound positions in a word
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| Syllable initial sounds may be referred to as | releasing sounds
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| Syllable final sounds may be referred to as | arresting sounds
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| Syllable | a grouping of speech movements usually linked together with other syllables in rhythmic pattern; highly adaptive units for articulatory organization
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| Coarticulation | the production of a sound is influenced by other sounds around it
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| Diacritic marks | phonetic symbols used to represent variants of phonemes; placed in (brackets) instead of / /
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| A syllables in English contain a | vowel
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| Consonants can be described as prevocal or postvocalic depending on the position of the | vowel
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| Open syllables | end in a vowel
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| Closed syllables | end in a consonant
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| Syllable stress | part of a word that gets the most emphasis
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| Stressed syllable | gets more emphasis and higher pitch
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| Every single syllable word is | stressed
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| 3 speech production subsystems are | Respiratory
Laryngeal
Articulatory
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| The power source for speech is the | Respiratory System
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| Respiratory Anatomy | Lungs, Ribcage, Abdomen, Internal and External Intercoastal Muscles, Diaphram
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| Speech Breathing | Quick inhalation and long, controlled exhalation
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| Vibratory source for speech is the | Laryngeal system
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| Voice is produced in the | larynx
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| Phonation | sound generated by the vocal fold system
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| Voice Production/phonation | vocal folds vibrate very rapidly to produce a sound pressure wave that travels up the vocal tract
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| Voicing: | Only some consonants are voiced; all vowels are voiced
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| Vocal folds are slightly open during quiet breathing and closed prior to | speech sounds
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| Adams Apple | formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage
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| Thyroarytenoid muscles form the true | vocal folds
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| pitch has to do with | length of vocal folds and speed of vibration, frequency in Hz, cycles per second
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| Men: | 120 Hz
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| Women | 210 Hz
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| Loudness = intensity = dB = sound pressure level = greater vocal fold adduction and | increased subglottal pressure prior to release burst
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| Articulators | Articulators: Tongue, Lips, Velum/Soft Palate, Teeth, Mandible, Hard Palate could be 6th…
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| The only time the velum is open (dropped down) is for | nasal sounds
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| When the velum is closed (trap door comes UP) | all sound except nasal sounds.
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| What is the lower tip of the soft palate called? | the uvula it is vestigial in man except for drinking, maybe.
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| Velum not closed off when it should be | = hypernasality
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| Denasal or hyponasal | when you have a cold and can't use nose to resonate
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| A sound produced by relatively free passage of airstream | vowel
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| One or more areas of vocal tract narrowing or some degree of constriction partial or complete | consonant
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| Functions of lower jaw: | skeletal support for tongue and lower lip and contributes to movements of tongue and lower lip
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| Parts of tongue | tip, blade/dorsum, base, body
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| Stress: | increased loudness, higher pitch, increased duration
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| Lips | opening, closing, rounding, protruding
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