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XXXPhoneticsCh123
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Speech | The spoken expression of language |
| Language | Words and grammar used to express our thoughts |
| Cognition | Mental processes that help us learn to use speech and language |
| Subsystems used to produce speech sounds | Respiration, phonation, articulation |
| Speech sounds are categorized according to | place, manner and voicing |
| IPA International Phonetic Alphabet | a system used for transcribing speech according to the sounds used in speaking words rather than according to the way they are spelled |
| Morpheme | The minimal unit of meaning that carries a semantic interpretation; the smallest unit of language; morphemes comprise the lexicon |
| Morpheme Example: | Cat - 1 morpheme cats - 2 morphemes (cat = 1 and /s/ = 2nd) |
| Phoneme: | A basic speech segment that has the linguistic function of distinguishing minimal units of meaning in spoken language; a basic SOUND segment that distinguishes a morpheme |
| Grapheme | a unit in the WRITING system of a language |
| Daughter: # of graphemes; # of phonemes | Graphemes = 8 Phonemes = 4 |
| True or False: The act of speaking depends on an intricate and complex system of structures and their physiology working together to allow human beings to use speech to communicate. | True |
| Manner of Articulation | how the sound is produced; how the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract. |
| Place of Articulation | Refers to which articulators are involved in the production of specific speech sounds; WHERE the sound is produced. |
| True or False: Relevance of Phonetics relates to how knowledge of speech sounds can be used to assess and manage people with communication disorders. | True |
| Phonetic Errors | Addition Deletion/Omission Substitution Distortion Can also be CORRECT though... |
| Phonetic Transcription | a precise representation of what was said |
| Transcription provides the basis for what? | Diagnosing a speech disorder and developing an appropriate intervention strategy. |
| We will be learning Broad Transcription which is a type of transcription where: | symbols represent consonants, vowels, and dipthongs produced in a speech sample. |
| Another type of transcription is | Narrow Transcription which involves symbols to represent target sounds and considers slight variations. |
| Linguistic Complexity = | Length of the stimulus |
| Examples of Linguistic Complexity in a Speech Sample: | Sounds in isolation Sounds in words Sounds in sentences Sounds in continuous speech |
| Response Complexity | Demands of the task captures situational differences between scoring and transcribing (transcribe only 1 target sound/situational unit, or entire speech sample.) |
| How many graphemes in English? | 26 |
| How many phonemes in English? | 42 |
| Alphabet | A set of letters or other characters used for writing a language |
| Phonemes: a word can have 1 or more. Use / / | Phonemes are a basic sound segment that has the linguistic function of distinguishing words |
| Physically, speech is: | a pattern of movement of the speech organs |
| Speech is also a pattern of what kind of vibration? | Acoustic vibration |
| True or False: For speech to be understandable, physiologic, acoustic and anatomical properties must work together. | True |
| Different usage patterns within a language is known as a | dialect |
| Dialects are a difference, not a | disorder |
| A lisp is not a speech difference; rather a lisp is a | disorder |
| SAE | Standard American English |
| Minimal Contrasts | 2 words that differ by only one phoneme (cat and bat) |
| IPA International Phonetic Alphabet | phonetic symbols included in a universal symbol system; some represent the printed alphabet and others do not. |
| A discipline that focuses on sounds that have become disordered or different is | clinical phonetics |
| Phonemes may be positioned in | initial, medial or final positions |
| Initial, medial or final positions denote | sound positions in a word |
| Syllable initial sounds may be referred to as | releasing sounds |
| Syllable final sounds may be referred to as | arresting sounds |
| Syllable | a grouping of speech movements usually linked together with other syllables in rhythmic pattern; highly adaptive units for articulatory organization |
| Coarticulation | the production of a sound is influenced by other sounds around it |
| Diacritic marks | phonetic symbols used to represent variants of phonemes; placed in (brackets) instead of / / |
| A syllables in English contain a | vowel |
| Consonants can be described as prevocal or postvocalic depending on the position of the | vowel |
| Open syllables | end in a vowel |
| Closed syllables | end in a consonant |
| Syllable stress | part of a word that gets the most emphasis |
| Stressed syllable | gets more emphasis and higher pitch |
| Every single syllable word is | stressed |
| 3 speech production subsystems are | Respiratory Laryngeal Articulatory |
| The power source for speech is the | Respiratory System |
| Respiratory Anatomy | Lungs, Ribcage, Abdomen, Internal and External Intercoastal Muscles, Diaphram |
| Speech Breathing | Quick inhalation and long, controlled exhalation |
| Vibratory source for speech is the | Laryngeal system |
| Voice is produced in the | larynx |
| Phonation | sound generated by the vocal fold system |
| Voice Production/phonation | vocal folds vibrate very rapidly to produce a sound pressure wave that travels up the vocal tract |
| Voicing: | Only some consonants are voiced; all vowels are voiced |
| Vocal folds are slightly open during quiet breathing and closed prior to | speech sounds |
| Adams Apple | formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage |
| Thyroarytenoid muscles form the true | vocal folds |
| pitch has to do with | length of vocal folds and speed of vibration, frequency in Hz, cycles per second |
| Men: | 120 Hz |
| Women | 210 Hz |
| Loudness = intensity = dB = sound pressure level = greater vocal fold adduction and | increased subglottal pressure prior to release burst |
| Articulators | Articulators: Tongue, Lips, Velum/Soft Palate, Teeth, Mandible, Hard Palate could be 6th… |
| The only time the velum is open (dropped down) is for | nasal sounds |
| When the velum is closed (trap door comes UP) | all sound except nasal sounds. |
| What is the lower tip of the soft palate called? | the uvula it is vestigial in man except for drinking, maybe. |
| Velum not closed off when it should be | = hypernasality |
| Denasal or hyponasal | when you have a cold and can't use nose to resonate |
| A sound produced by relatively free passage of airstream | vowel |
| One or more areas of vocal tract narrowing or some degree of constriction partial or complete | consonant |
| Functions of lower jaw: | skeletal support for tongue and lower lip and contributes to movements of tongue and lower lip |
| Parts of tongue | tip, blade/dorsum, base, body |
| Stress: | increased loudness, higher pitch, increased duration |
| Lips | opening, closing, rounding, protruding |
Created by:
MayaMayaAlejandra
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