| Term | Definition |
| Therapsids | Early Mammel like reptiles.
260-265 MYA |
| Mammalian Characteristics | Malius, Incus, Stapes
Heterodont dentition (teeth of many different forms) |
| Archaeopteryx | 1st bird
Avian characteristics: asymmetrical feathers, feathered tail, Furcula (wish bone)
Reptilian Characteristics: clawed wings, toothed beak, not keeled sternum, 3 fingered hand, more reptilian lungs. |
| oviraptor | maniraptoran theropod
protected eggs similarly to most modern birds |
| First Land plants | Ordovician period |
| Age of fish and 1st theropods | Devonian Period |
| Mesozoic era | Age of dinosaurs |
| Age of mammals | Cenozoic era |
| Plate tectonics | the formation of major structures on earth's surface due to movement of the plates of earth's crust. |
| Continental Drift | the movement of the continent on various plates of earth's crust |
| Pangea | "All Land" the supercontinent that resulted from all the land masses coming together
245 MYA (end of paliozoic) |
| Laurasia | Northern land mass
135 MYA |
| Gondwana | Southern Land Mass
135 MYA |
| Endemism | A relative term used to describe an organism found only in one particular region
(the size of the region can vary) |
| Permian Mass Extinction | Tremendous increase in volcanic activity
large increase in ash, lava and the release of CO2
some 96% of marine species extinct, |
| cretaceous mass extinction | dinos extinct
many plant species extinct
50% of marine organisms extinct |
| when do the more mass extinctions happen? | at high temperatures |
| Binomial nomenclature | created by Carolus Linnaes
"Two name naming" (genus and a specific epithet)
to indicate a particular, unique organism |
| hierarchical levels of classification | Domain →kingdom →phylum →subphylum →class →order
→family →genus →species |
| Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| morphological measurements | measuring differences in parts of bones in different organisms |
| how can parasites show differences in organisms | parasites can be taxon specific down to the species of the host |
| Cladistics | cladistics analysis characteristics that are either shared or not shared among a proposed species. |
| macroevolution | the broad pattern of evolution above the species level |
| microevolution | a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
| Prokaroyes | lack membrane bound nucleus
1-10 μm in length
DNA occurs in circular loops
many have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
reproduce through binary fission
can gain new dna through transformation or conjugation |
| Eukaryotes | have a membrane bound nucleus
10-100μm in length
DNA occurs in chromosomes
has organelles |
| Transformation | the uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings |
| Fred Griffith | developed some of the control for streptococcus pneumonia |
| conjugation | DNA transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined together
transfer is always one way |
| Transduction | the process in which viruses carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another |
| nitrogen | important in the building of proteins and nucleic acids
78% of atmosphere |
| where is the most nitrogen found? | 4 ∙10⁹ ∙10¹² g N2 in atmosphere
9,500 ∙ 10¹² g in soil and organic materials
6,000 ∙ 10¹² g in oceans
3,500 ∙ 10¹² g in land plants |
| Nitrogen fixation | typically completed by rhizobium in the root nodules of legumes.
requires energy
n2 is converted into NH3, NO3 or amino acids |
| methanogens | archaea that use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane (CH4)
commonly occur in marshes and swamps |
| Extreme halophiles | (salt lovers)
archaea that live in very saline environments
some species need environments 10x as salty as sea water |
| Extreme thermophiles | (temperature lovers)
archaea that live in hot thermal pools (60-80 degrees C)
often acidophilic
some of their proteins are similar to those of eukaryotes |
| Exotoxins | poisonous proteins secreted by prokaryotes
ex. clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive bacteria that produces the deadly toxin for botulism |
| endotoxins | toxins that actually make up the outer membrane of particular types of gram-negative bacteria. |
| gram positive bacteria | has a thick peptidoglycan layer and are stained by the gram staining technique.
ex. mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| cyanobacteria | (blue green algae)
gram negative
complete photosynthesis |
| proteobacteria | largest group of bacteria
ex. rhizobium, salmonella, E.coli. |
| What do prokaryotes of the domain archaea lack? | peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
| histones | help coordinate the structure of genetic materials
present in archaea but not bacteria |
| human use of prokaryotes | sewage treatment - using pseudomonads a type of soil bacteria
industrial products
pharmaceutical products
food industry
antibiotic production
recombined DNA technology |
| protistans | usually unicellular and never form a true tissue |
| endomembrane system | includes
a nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | ER with lots of ribosomes attached for protein synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | ER without ribosomes
involved with carbohydrate metabolism, lipid synthesis, and detoxification reactions. |
| Golgi apparatus | organelle that occurs in stacks of 5-7 membranous sacs.
10-20 in animal cells and several hundred in plant cells
provides material for membranes in the cell
stores proteins
can convert enzymes into their active form |
| Excavata | some species of protistan have an excavated groove on their body
some have reduced mitochondria |
| Kingdom diplomonadida | multiple flagella
simple cytoskeleton
2 nuclei
mitochondria lack DNA and much of the machinery of aerobic cellular respiration |
| Kingdom euglenozoa | some are chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, mixotrophs or parasitic
use a flagellum to pull them |
| kingdom euglenoa | examples are t. brucei ( the African sleeping sickness) and T. Cruzi (changas disease) |
| examples of members of SAR | Diatoms
Brown Algae
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates |
