| Question | Answer |
| Dementia | the development of multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment and at least one of the following:
- aphasia
- agnosia
- disturbance of executive functioning |
| Cortical Dementias (Alzheimers, Picks) | location: cerebral cortex
deficits: language |
| Subcortical Dementia (HIV, PD, Huntingtons) | location: basal ganglia, thalamas, brainstem
deficits: speech disorders
- hypophonia, dysarthria |
| Mixed Dementia | location: cortical and subcortical structures
deficits: both, speech and language |
| Cognitive Symptoms/deficits of Dementia | - memory loss
- confusion & disorientation
- coordination and motor programming
- reasoning and problem solving
- handling complex tasks
- planning and organizing |
| Prospective Memory | - related to real-world/everyday activities
- prefrontal cortex and hippocampus |
| Long Term Stores (2 Systems) | 1. declarative memory (semantic and episodic, personal experiences)
2. non-declarative/rote memory: procedural and perceptual |
| Pick's Disease | - pick bodies
- personality and language impairments initially and then cognitive
- fast progression (one year)
- frontal lobe |
| Hypophonia | reduced speech intensity |
| Vascular Dementia | - attributed to Alzheimers (can be combined)
- abrupt deteroriations
- personality changes first
- motor speech, simplified grammar, writing
- mood changes and depression |
| Lewy Body | - progresses rapidly (periods of abnormal/normal)
- attention, hallucinations, motor speech, hypophonia
- delirium, daytime drowsiness |
| Alzheimers | - onset before 65 & progressive
- plaques and tangles
- lang., semantic to mutism
- depression, insomia, delusions, agitations |
| FrontoTemporalobar Dementia | - insidious onset before 65y
- slow progression
- focal cortical atrophy
- executive functioning, semantics, non-fluent |
| Uncontrollable Risk Factors | - family history
- age
- Down Syndrome
- Mild Cog Impairment |
| Controllable Risk Factors | - heavy alcohol
- cardiovascular issues
- depression
- diabetes
- smoking
- sleep apnea |
| Assessment of Dementia | - active tasks
- logical reasoning tasks
- questioning
- can probe with aphasia assessments to address overall lang. functioning as well
- quality of life screener |
| Therapy Options for Dementia | - compensatory strategies
- caregiver training |
| Managing Memory Deficits | - simplify lang
- reduce sentence length
- speak slowly
- provide multimodal cues
- memory books & wallets
- proper nouns over pronouns
- talk about concrete things
- talk about present
- perform ADLs together |
