| Term | Definition |
| Aphasia | - an acquired language disorder
- a loss of a degree of language ability Nue |
| Four Elements of Aphasia | 1. it is acquired
2. it has a neurological cause
3. it affects reception and expressive language across modalities
4. it is not a sensory, psychiatric, or intellectual disorder |
| Cognitive-Linguistic Disorders | Cases in which a language problem is secondary to a cognitive problem |
| Language of Confusion | transient confusional states |
| Language of Generalized Intellectual Impairment | language problems resulting from dementia |
| Specific Language Impairment | a condition characterized by language deficits in the face of relatively age-appropriate cognitive abilities in children |
| Aphasiology | specialists in research and/or clinical practice in aphasia and are also experts in related neurogenic cognitive-linguistic, speech, and swallowing disorders in adults |
| Incidence | the likely number of newly diagnosed cases per specified unit of time |
| Prevalence | the proportion of specified populations that had or have the disorder at a particular time |
| Neurological Causes of Aphasia | stroke, TBI, neoplasm, infections, metabolic problems, and surgical ablation of brain tissue |
| Four Modalities of Language | auditory expression, written expression, verbal expression, reading comprehension |
| Unidimensional Framework | - all language is seen as one inseparable whole
- production and comprehension are not seen as separable components of language but rather interwoven |
| Multidimensional Frameworks | - thee view that there are varied forms or syndromes of aphasia, each syndrome corresponding to the site of the lesion
- any syndrome of aphasia may be characterized by a set of hallmark features
- fluent vs. non-fluent aphasia |
| Medical Framework | - multidimensional subcategory
- the level of specific linguistic deficits
- focus on analyzing the cause in terms of disease state or change in body structure |
| Cognitive-Neuropsychological Framework | - based on models of mental representation and types and stages of information processing |
| Psycholinguistic Frameworks | - focused on the processing of linguistic information |
| Neurolinguistic Frameworks | - how processing may go awry when a person's brain is injured
- incorporate connectionist models, models of neuroanatomical structures and functions |
| WHO ICF | WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health |
| Biopsychosocial Framework | - highlights attention to complex interaction of multiple factors that constitute "disabilities" and affect health
- WHO ICF |
| Social Framework | - focused on interpersonal contexts of communication
- social condition
- highlights importance of SLP |
| (2) Classifications of any Health Condition | - activity limitations
- participation restrictions |
| Functioning | - body structure
- body function
- activity and participation |
| WHO ICF & People with Neurogenic Language Disorders | - represents a departure from traditional classification based on impairments of body structure and function |
| Stroke | temporary or permanent disruption in blood supply to the brain |
| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | synonymous with stroke |
| Occlusive Stroke | a blockage of all or a portion of an artery |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | leakage of blood from the arteries |
| Ischemic Strokes | - type of occlusive
- restriction in the blood supply |
| Thrombotic Stroke | arterial blockage has accumulated in the same area of an artery where the blockage eventually occurs |
| Embolic Stroke | a blockage caused by matter that travels from elsewhere in the bloodstream to the point where it eventually blocks an artery |
| Thrombus | thee clot that blocks the artery in a thrombotic stroke |
| Embolism | the arterial blockage in an embolic stroke |
| Aneurysm | blood vessel ruptures or an arteriovenous malformation bursts |
| Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) | atypically developed artery or vein, usually arising during embryonic or fetal development |
| Hematoma | the accumulation of blood due to a hemorrhage |
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage | leakage occurs within the brain tissue |
| Erosclerosis/Arteriosclereosis | - primary cause of ischemic strokes
- buildup of lipids and cellular debris within the arteries |
| Edema | swelling in the surrounding area of the brain |
| Diaschisis | functions associated with brain structures that are remote from the area of damage become impaired |
| Necrosis | neural tissue death |
| Infarct/Infarction | area of dead tissue |
| Ischemic Penumbra | margin neural tissue surrounding an infarct |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
| Hypoperfusion | an insufficiency in blood supply to the brain |
| Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) | - a temporary blockage of the blood supply to the brain
- mini-stroke
- most last under 30 m but can last up to 24 h |
| Stroke Triggers | - excessive alchohol intake
- infection
- excessive eating
- intense positive or negative emotions
- sudden posture change
- drug use
- anesthesia
- surgery
- physical exertion
- birthday |
| BEFAST | balance problems, eye/vision problems, face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time to call 9-1-1 |
| Closed-head Injury (CHI) | - the head suddenly hits an object or an object hits the skull
- skull remains intact
- aka accel-decel injuries
- can be transitional or rotational |
| Transitional Injury/Direct Injury | the object-head contact is at a relatively perpendicular angle to one of the main axes of the head, causing the brain to rebound against the side of the skull opposite to the side of contact |
| Coup Injuries | injuries to the brain at the point of contact |
| Contrecoup Injuries | injuries to the opposite side of the brain from the point of contact |
| Rotational Injuries | the contact of an object with the head creates more of a spinning motion of the head, causing the brain to rotate in relation to the skull and often hits many different areas |
| Open-head Injury (OHI) | breakage or penetration of the skull |
| Focul | confined to one area |
| Diffuse | involving more than one areas of the brain |
| Blast Injuries | result from rapid phases of over-and-under pressurization of air compared to normal atmospheric pressure |
| Bacterial Infections and Viruses | microscopic organisms that may cause inflammation in the brain |
| Encephalopathies | infections that affect the cortex |
| Meningitis | inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain |
| Opportunist Infections/Secondary Infections | bacteria/viruses selectively take advantage of a compromised immune system |
| Neoplasm | tumour in the brain |
| Primary Tumours | result from uncontrolled growth of glial or meningeal cells |
| Gliomas | glial cell tumours |
| Astrocytoma | - common type of glial tumour
- a benign, slow-growing tumour |
| Glioblastoma Multiforme | - type of glial tumour
- rapid growing and malignant |
| Meningioma | - benign tumour that arises from the meninges |
| Secondary/Metastatic Tumours | - spreading tumours that typically arise from elsewhere in the body and travel to the brain via the blood supply or lymphatic system |
| Toxemia | the poisoning, irritation, or inflammation of nervous system tissue through exposure to harmful substances |
| Toxic Encephalopathy | brain dysfunction related to metabolism at the cellular level |
| Diabetes Mellitus (DM) | a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by abnormal insulin function or deficiency, resulting in poorly controlled blood sugar (glucose) levels |
| Diabetic Encephalopathy | any type of brain disorder caused by diabetes |
| Metabolic Syndrome | represents thee clustering of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, & elevated blood sugar |
| Neurodegenerative Disease | neurogenic condition that progressively gets worse over time |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) | - a condition of cognitive decline that is not typical normal aging
- often results from neurodegenerative disease and head injury |
| Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) | - a neurogenerative dementia syndrome unlike other types of aphasia
- onset is sudden and insidious; symptoms worsen over time
- first symptoms are linguistic |
