| Term | Definition |
| How was localization in the brain done in the past and how is it done now? | -Past- Looked at how different lesions in the brain affected behavior. Used this info to guide normal behavior
-Present- use MRI to see what structures active in normal brains |
| Frontal lobe | -Left lobe very active in verbal expression
-Executive function: 1)Planning
2)Sequencing 3)Initiation – inhibition 4)Working memory |
| Temporal Lobe | -Primary auditory cortex
-Wernicke’s area
-Semantic processing |
| Wernicke’s area | -located in Temporal
-Important for auditory comprehension.
-Links lexical items up w/ symantical explanations. I.E. Links furry animal that barks with dog.
-Important for semantic task (determining if animate or inanimate object) |
| Parietal Lobe | -Reading + writing
-Praxis (location of stored learned, skilled behaviors like brushing your teeth, cutting up you food)
-Right lobe deals with Spatial processing (not in left) |
| Occipital Lobe | -Primary visual cortex
-Visual association cortex
-Irrigated by the posterior cerebral artery |
| Functionalization of the brain | -Occurs over period of time.
-Brain becomes more specialized with development
-When children are born they do not have specific language areas.
-Language in children is more diffusely organized. |
| Cross aphasia | -person who is right handed, has a lesion in right hemisphere and is aphasic. |
| Percentage hemisphere dominate for language in right handed people | -99% of people who are right handed are left hemisphere dominate for language. Only 1% of people who are right handed are right hemisphere dominate. |
| Percentage hemisphere dominate for language in left handed people | -70 to 80% are left hemisphere dominate for language processing.
-20 to 30% have right hemisphere language dominance. |
| Cerebral dominance for language | -Left hemisphere is called “Dominant” hemisphere
-Right handed people have longer planum temporale (superior temporal lobe) in left hemisphere
-Left hemisphere not larger in kids which probably means this is due to brain development |
| Right Hemisphere Functions | -hemisphere involved in:
-visual-spatial and constructional tasks
-emotion and emotional intonation of speech and music.
-This hemisphere is often referred to as the “Minor” Hemisphere |
| Dysarthria | -Paralysis or Paresis of Muscles. Presented as slurred speech. Usually caused by stroke, but can also be seen in Parkinson's, Huntington's, ALS.
-Not a language processing or motor planning problem as it is down stream from that. |
| Flaccid Dysarthria | -Caused by LMN lesions
–Hypernasal, breathy speech and imprecisely articulated consonants |
| Spastic Dysarthria | –Caused by UMN lesions
–Harsh, strained / strangled speech with slow articulation.
-The muscles used for speech are hyper contracted.
-Seen in Cortical lesions.
-Often coincides with aphasia |
| Hypokinetic Dysarthria | –Caused by Basal ganglia lesions
–Decreased monotonous loudness
-Imprecise consonants and short vowels.
-Tremor in the Jaw
-Seen in Parkinson |
| Hyperkinetic Dysarthria | –Caused by Basal ganglia lesions
–Variable rate, excessive variation in loudness and timing with distorted vowels.
-Often seen in Huntington’s |
| Ataxic dysarthria | -Caused by lesions in the cerebellum
-Uncoordinated speech musculature |
| Mixed Dysarthria | -When more than one area of the brain is affected.
-Combination of the other dysarthrias |
| Apraxia of speech | -Motor speech planning disorder.
-Programming Disorder
-No Paresis
-Problems programming the musculature for speech sounds.
-NOT a language problem. |
| Broca’s Aphasia | -Language Disorder
-Caused by lesions in the frontal lobe and in other subcortical areas like the insula to get full blown case.
-Person understands, but can’t express. |
| Lesion isolated in Broca’s area only leads to a | transient verbal apraxia (goes away after a while) |
| Wernicke’s Aphasia | -Associated with lesions in posterior temporal lobe.
-Is an auditory comprehension problem. |
| Global Aphasia | -Associated with lesions in a Wide area.
-Major auditory comprehension and expressive problem.
-Worse kind of aphasia to have. |
| Conduction Aphasia | -Associated with lesions in the Angular gyrus or inf. Partial Lobe
-Person understands language, but has problems with repeating words.
-Has phonemic paraphasia (phonemes mixed up) --Have good auditory comprehension. |
| Anomic Aphasia | -Least certain lesion location.
-Mildest form of apashia.
-Person has problems coming up with the right words. |
| Transcortical Aphasia | Same as wernikies but they can repeat. |
| Subcortical Aphasia | -Occurs when there is a lesion in the Thalamus or basil ganglia that actually results in aphasia.
-Theses lesions usually cause hypo profusion lesions in cortical areas. |
| Alexia | -An acquried reading problem.
-Ability to read has to proceed onset
-Seen in most of the aphasias.
-Seen in patients with lesions all over the left hemispheres. |
| Location of lesion of Alexia with agraphia | -supramarginal or angular gyrus |
| Location of lesion of Alexia withOUT agraphia | -medial occipital and temporal Lobes |
| Deep dyslexia | Aphasic alexia that's a result of large mixed lesions |
| Surface dyslexia | Aphasic alexia that's a result of anterior left hemisphere lesions |
| Motor planning disorder Apraxia | Refers to difficulty in carrying out pre-learned voluntary motor acts. |
| Constructional Apraxia | -Visual-spatial difficulty from Right Hemisphere.
-AKA Left hemisphere spatial neglect. |
| Dressing Apraxia | -Problem with Spatial perception of clothing in relationship to body.
-Have trouble putting clothes on.
-May put on jacket upside down or inside out. |
| Oculomotor Apraxia | -Difficulty in moving eyez upon command.
-Eye reflexive movement stays intact |
| Gait Apraxia | -Problems in walking when muscles strength is intact |
| Ideomotor Apraxia | -Trouble following commands.
-They understand the command, but have problems carrying out the motor tasks. |
| Ideational Apraxia | -Trouble with multistep tasks
– trouble with use of objects
– may confuse objects use. I.e. Knows what the object is but uses it for wrong task.
-Occupational therapist usually treats this. |
| Limb-Kinetic | Trouble with one limb only |
| Dementia | -Gradual deterioration of cognitive abilities (as opposed to sudden onset that would most likely be stroke and could result in something like aphasia)
-Language problems are a result of deterioration of cognitive processes.
-Neurogenically Based |
