Question | Answer |
Passive Immunity | Temporary; mother to fetus or from immune globulins being given. |
Active Immunity | Stimulation of the body's own immune system to produce antibodies; such as acquired by having the disease or thru immunization. |
Varicella transmission | Direct contact/airborne--Day before rash, until lesions crusted over |
Varicella manifestations | Prodromal: fever, malaise. Acute: rash that progresses from macule to vesicles. Intense itching. |
Varicella Tx | Special skin care, non-aspirin antipyretics |
Varicella potential complications | Encephalitis, monitor for headaches and vomiting. Any changes in neurological status mus be treated immediately. |
Diptheria transmission | Droplet, direct contact--Variable comm. period (2-4 wks) |
Diptheria isolation | Droplet precautions |
Diptheria manifestations | Low grade fever, malaise, gray membrane on tonsils (pt. will die of airway obstruction as result), neck edema ("Bull's neck") |
Diptheria Tx | Antibiotics, complete bed rest, trach. for airway obstruction, O2 prn |
Diptheria potential complications | Airway obstruction, myocarditis |
Pertussis transmission | Direct or indirect contact (contaminated articles).--Greatest during early symptoms of sneezing, cough. |
Pertussis isolation | Droplet precautions |
Pertussis manifestations | Catarrhal stage: upper resp. infection, dry hacking cough for 1-2 wks. Paroxysmal stage: coughing spasms which occur mostly at night, high pitched, crowing sound- may last 4-6 wks |
Pertussis Tx | Reduce environmental factors that produce coughing (dust, smoke), cool mist humidifier, encourage fluid intake. |
Pertussis complications | Pneumonia, seizures, otitis media |
Tetanus transmission | Contaminated soil-- comm. period unknown, anywhere from 3 days-3wks, can be longer. No isolation. |
Tetanus manifestations | Acute infectious disease, headache, irritability, stiffness of jaw and neck, muscle spasms |
Tatanus Tx | Wound debridement, tetanus immune globulin, or tetanus toxoid booster within 72 hrs after injury |
Tetanus complication | Seizures |
Meningitis transmission | Resp. secretions--comm. period unknown |
Meningitis isolation | Droplet precautions |
Meningitis manifestations | Abrupt high fever, chills, headache, vomiting, Nuchal rigidity, changes in neurological functioning |
Meningitis Tx | Dx via lumbar puncture, aggressive antibiotics, maintenance of ventilation, reduction of increased intracranial pressure. |
Meningitis complications | Seizures, neurological deficits |
Rubeola transmission | Airborne--several days before rash to 5 days after rash appears |
Rubeola isolation | Airborne |
Rubeola manifestations | Prodromal: fever, lethargy, cough, photophobia, koplik spots on buccal mucosa. Acute: red flat rash lasting approx. 1 wk, begins on face and spreads downward. |
Rubeola Tx | Manage temp, cool mist vaporizer, keep room dim |
Rubeola complications | Pneumonia, otitis media, encephalitis. |
Parotitis (mumps) transmission | Droplet, direct contact--1 wk before swelling, 1 wk after |
Parotitis isolation | Droplet precautions |
Parotitis manifestations | Prodromal: headache, fever, earache. Acute: swelling of parotid glands |
Parotitis Tx | Nonaspirin antipyretics, cool liquids, soft foods, avoid sour foods |
Parotitis complications | Most common, meningitis. Others: orchitis, hearing loss |
Rubella transmission | Nasopharyngeal secretions, spread by droplet--1 wk before to 5 days after onset of rash |
Rubella isolation | Droplet precautions |
Rubella manifestations | Prodromal: low grade fever, sore throat, cough. Acute: flat red rash begins on face and spreads to rest of body, rash lasts 3 days |
Rubella Tx | Non-aspirin antipyretics, analgesics. AVOID EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY |
Rubella complications | Most benign of all childhood comm. diseases, greatest danger. Teratogenic effects on the fetus |
Poliomyelitis transmission | Direct contact (fecal oral-pharyngeal secretions--Comm. period unkown. 1-6 wks |
Polio isolation | Tier one |
Polio manifestations | Fever, general malaise, followed by stiffness of neck, trunk, and limbs, progresses to flaccid paralysis |
Polio Tx | Supportive care, bed rest during acute phase, physical therapy following acute phase |
Polio complications | Permanent paralysis, resp. arrest |
Scarlet Fever transmission | Nasopharyngeal secretions from infected persons--comm. period, during incubation period and illness, may persist for months |
Scarlet Fever isolation | Droplet precautions |
Scarlet Fever manifestations | Abrupt high fever- 102-104 degrees, chills, deep red rash, slightly raised and feels like sandpaper, strawberry tongue |
Scarlet Fever complications | Otitis media, glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever= cardiac complications |
Fifth Disease (slapped cheek disease) transmission | Unknown--comm. period uncertain, before onset of symptoms |
Fifth Disease manifestations | Slapped face appearance, progresses to rash on upper and lower extremities. Lasts approx. 1 wk, may subside and reappear with exposure to heat or cold. |
Fifth Disease Tx | Antipyretics, analgesics, anti inflammatory med. |
Fifth Disease complications | Fetal death, arthritis, anemia |
Roseola transmission | Unknown--comm. period unknown, isolation- none |
Roseola manifestations | Abrupt high fever- 103-105, rosy pink rash appears on trunk, face and extremities. Usually limited to children between 6 mo to 3 yrs. |
Roseola Tx | Antipyretics, supportive care |
Roseola complications | Febrile seizures, dehydration |