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Comm. Diseases
Communicable Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Passive Immunity | Temporary; mother to fetus or from immune globulins being given. |
| Active Immunity | Stimulation of the body's own immune system to produce antibodies; such as acquired by having the disease or thru immunization. |
| Varicella transmission | Direct contact/airborne--Day before rash, until lesions crusted over |
| Varicella manifestations | Prodromal: fever, malaise. Acute: rash that progresses from macule to vesicles. Intense itching. |
| Varicella Tx | Special skin care, non-aspirin antipyretics |
| Varicella potential complications | Encephalitis, monitor for headaches and vomiting. Any changes in neurological status mus be treated immediately. |
| Diptheria transmission | Droplet, direct contact--Variable comm. period (2-4 wks) |
| Diptheria isolation | Droplet precautions |
| Diptheria manifestations | Low grade fever, malaise, gray membrane on tonsils (pt. will die of airway obstruction as result), neck edema ("Bull's neck") |
| Diptheria Tx | Antibiotics, complete bed rest, trach. for airway obstruction, O2 prn |
| Diptheria potential complications | Airway obstruction, myocarditis |
| Pertussis transmission | Direct or indirect contact (contaminated articles).--Greatest during early symptoms of sneezing, cough. |
| Pertussis isolation | Droplet precautions |
| Pertussis manifestations | Catarrhal stage: upper resp. infection, dry hacking cough for 1-2 wks. Paroxysmal stage: coughing spasms which occur mostly at night, high pitched, crowing sound- may last 4-6 wks |
| Pertussis Tx | Reduce environmental factors that produce coughing (dust, smoke), cool mist humidifier, encourage fluid intake. |
| Pertussis complications | Pneumonia, seizures, otitis media |
| Tetanus transmission | Contaminated soil-- comm. period unknown, anywhere from 3 days-3wks, can be longer. No isolation. |
| Tetanus manifestations | Acute infectious disease, headache, irritability, stiffness of jaw and neck, muscle spasms |
| Tatanus Tx | Wound debridement, tetanus immune globulin, or tetanus toxoid booster within 72 hrs after injury |
| Tetanus complication | Seizures |
| Meningitis transmission | Resp. secretions--comm. period unknown |
| Meningitis isolation | Droplet precautions |
| Meningitis manifestations | Abrupt high fever, chills, headache, vomiting, Nuchal rigidity, changes in neurological functioning |
| Meningitis Tx | Dx via lumbar puncture, aggressive antibiotics, maintenance of ventilation, reduction of increased intracranial pressure. |
| Meningitis complications | Seizures, neurological deficits |
| Rubeola transmission | Airborne--several days before rash to 5 days after rash appears |
| Rubeola isolation | Airborne |
| Rubeola manifestations | Prodromal: fever, lethargy, cough, photophobia, koplik spots on buccal mucosa. Acute: red flat rash lasting approx. 1 wk, begins on face and spreads downward. |
| Rubeola Tx | Manage temp, cool mist vaporizer, keep room dim |
| Rubeola complications | Pneumonia, otitis media, encephalitis. |
| Parotitis (mumps) transmission | Droplet, direct contact--1 wk before swelling, 1 wk after |
| Parotitis isolation | Droplet precautions |
| Parotitis manifestations | Prodromal: headache, fever, earache. Acute: swelling of parotid glands |
| Parotitis Tx | Nonaspirin antipyretics, cool liquids, soft foods, avoid sour foods |
| Parotitis complications | Most common, meningitis. Others: orchitis, hearing loss |
| Rubella transmission | Nasopharyngeal secretions, spread by droplet--1 wk before to 5 days after onset of rash |
| Rubella isolation | Droplet precautions |
| Rubella manifestations | Prodromal: low grade fever, sore throat, cough. Acute: flat red rash begins on face and spreads to rest of body, rash lasts 3 days |
| Rubella Tx | Non-aspirin antipyretics, analgesics. AVOID EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY |
| Rubella complications | Most benign of all childhood comm. diseases, greatest danger. Teratogenic effects on the fetus |
| Poliomyelitis transmission | Direct contact (fecal oral-pharyngeal secretions--Comm. period unkown. 1-6 wks |
| Polio isolation | Tier one |
| Polio manifestations | Fever, general malaise, followed by stiffness of neck, trunk, and limbs, progresses to flaccid paralysis |
| Polio Tx | Supportive care, bed rest during acute phase, physical therapy following acute phase |
| Polio complications | Permanent paralysis, resp. arrest |
| Scarlet Fever transmission | Nasopharyngeal secretions from infected persons--comm. period, during incubation period and illness, may persist for months |
| Scarlet Fever isolation | Droplet precautions |
| Scarlet Fever manifestations | Abrupt high fever- 102-104 degrees, chills, deep red rash, slightly raised and feels like sandpaper, strawberry tongue |
| Scarlet Fever complications | Otitis media, glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever= cardiac complications |
| Fifth Disease (slapped cheek disease) transmission | Unknown--comm. period uncertain, before onset of symptoms |
| Fifth Disease manifestations | Slapped face appearance, progresses to rash on upper and lower extremities. Lasts approx. 1 wk, may subside and reappear with exposure to heat or cold. |
| Fifth Disease Tx | Antipyretics, analgesics, anti inflammatory med. |
| Fifth Disease complications | Fetal death, arthritis, anemia |
| Roseola transmission | Unknown--comm. period unknown, isolation- none |
| Roseola manifestations | Abrupt high fever- 103-105, rosy pink rash appears on trunk, face and extremities. Usually limited to children between 6 mo to 3 yrs. |
| Roseola Tx | Antipyretics, supportive care |
| Roseola complications | Febrile seizures, dehydration |
Created by:
fulk_90
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