Question | Answer |
paragraph | largest unit of language (made up of sentences) |
sentence | traditionally considered largest unit of language |
syntax | correct order of the morphemes |
morphemes | bits that make up a sentence |
correct | acceptable to native speaker |
lexemes | words |
lexicon | vocabulary, least fixed of constituents of language |
semantics | meanings carried by the words |
phonology | study of phonemes |
phoneme | sound essential to meaning (cat vs bat) |
morphology | study of behavior of morphemes |
morpheme | smallest unit of meaning, classified by function (what it does: plural) not form (what it looks like: -s); not represented by syllables (caught, stunted) |
free morpheme | can stand freely as words |
bound morpheme | cannot stand freely on own (ing; s; ed) |
lexical morpheme | both the word and its altered state would be found in the dictionary (marry, marriage) |
gramatical morpheme | change grammar of word (ing, s, ed, un-) |
allomorph | same function has different forms (mice is plural of mouse and cats is plural of cat) |
mice | mouse+plural |
ran | run+past |
final | phoneme located at end of word (wrong) |
medial | phoneme located within word (singer) |
initial | phoneme located at beginning of word |
Spanish phoneme rule | can't have a cluster of consonants in 1 syllable (school, escuela) |
phonetic | study of production and classification of human speech sounds |
diacritics | accents, dots, change meaning of symbol |
IPA | international phonetic alphabet/association |
IPA | goal is to produce 1 fixed symbol for each separate sound, use symbols similar to W. European languages (Greek symbols, old English, made up/upside down letters) |
Pulmonic air stream | flow of air produced by lungs that comes through neck and out face through organs of speech |
organs of speech | teeth, tongue, jaw, nose |
laryngeal-oscope | can see down windpipe |
manners of articulation | what is done to sound |
place of articulation | where sound is produced |
voiced | when the vocal chords vibrate |
voiceless | when the vocal chords don't vibrate |
bilabial | lips |
labiodental | lips and teeth |
dental | teeth |
alveolar | teeth at gum |
palatal | hard palate |
velar | soft palate |
uvular | dangly part in throat |
glottal | where air stream is closed off |
stops | plosives |
fricatives | constricts |
affricates | combination of sounds |
laterals | sides of mouth |
grapheme | the way the sound is written in language |
allophone | same phoneme with a different sound (ex. cockney replacement of <t> with glottal stop) |
minimal pair | test for phoneme, 2 words that differ in one sound |
implosive | air coming in when air released (ex. southern white speech) phonetic, not phonemic |
shibboleth | linguistic giveaway (ex. Louisiana by natives and outsiders; Houston st. by New Yorkers and visitors; Arkansas River) |
primary vowels | lip spreading to lip rounding |
secondary vowels | lip rounding to lip spreading |
meaning | content of what is being said (word, several words, sentence) |
denotation | what something actually is, factual, dictionary definition |
connotation | involves a speaker's attitude |
Ferdinand Saussure | 1. sign-word/sound (winter)
2. signified-idea that a sign invokes (cold)
3. referent-thing referred to, denotation (season) |
polysemy | 2 or more related meanings (bright-shining, intelligence) |
homophony | 2 or more unrelated meanings (bank-river, money) |
synonymous | 2 words that mean the exact same thing in every situation; excessive, over time one word changes meaning, rare |
antonymous | 2 words with opposite meaning, difficult to find a true example |
compositional semantics | combining words into sentences |
paraphrase | 2 sentences with basically the same meaning
The police chased the burglar.
The burglar was chased by the police. |
entailment | sentence a guarantees the truth of sentence b
a: Prince is a dog.
b: Prince is an animal. |
contradiction | truth of a guarantees falsehood of b
a: prince is a dog.
b: prince is a human. |
fuzzy concepts | no exact definiton (rich- no definitive line) |
graded membership | a concept with comparative forms |
prototypical | the most representative version of something (Bill Gates) |
qapa | falling snow in Eskimo - concept that can be presented in English with 2 words |
lexicalization | putting a concept into a word |
motion words in English | encode manner and motion (stagger, swirl) |
motion words in spanish | encode path (ascend, descend are lexical adaptions) |
motion words in Atsugewi | encode what is moving |
lup | Atsugewi movement of small, spherical object (hail) |
qput | Atsugewi movement of loose, dry dirt |
swal | Atsugewi movement of hanging linear objects (shirt on clothesline) |
lexicalized concepts | manner, path and object of motion |
grammaticalization | putting a concept into a functional word (past tense, plural) attached to a word, can't stand alone, alters meaning of word |
Hidatsa | encode evidentiality (how you know) |
-ski (Waceo iikipi kure heoski) | speaker certain of truth (considered lie if found false) "the man definitely carried the pipe" |
-c (Waceo iikipi kure heoc) | speaker believes statement is true (considered mistake if found false) "the man supposedly carried the pipe" |
-wareac (Waceo iikipi kure heowareac) | speaker believes this is common knowledge |
-rahe (Waceo iikipi kure heorahe) | an unverified report from someone else |
extralinguistic | not specifically stated but implied |
presupposition | assumption or belief based on word choice-not explicit "Lincoln was assassinated in 1865" assassinated reveals that the person was important |
maxim | rules |
maxim of relevance | be relevant; ex: Party -> I have homework, on surface response seems unrelated but maxim shows that it is an excuse not to go |
maxim of quality | make contribution true (sarcasm is a violation) |
maxim of quantity | don't say too much or too little; ex. where you live |
maxim of manner | avoid ambiguity/obscurity; ex. answering a question in another language |
[b] | voiced bilabial stop; <baby> |
[p] | voiceless bilabial stop; <paper> |
[d̪] | voiced dental stop; <dos> |
[t̪] | voiceless dental stop; <tú> |
[d] | voiced alveolar stop; <do> |
[t] | voiceless alveolar stop; <to> |
[ɟ] | voiced palatal stop; <Magyar> |
[g] | voiced velar stop; <give> |
[k] | voiceless velar stop; <kiss> |
[ʔ] | glottal stop; <uh-uh> |
[β] | voiced bilabial fricative; <hablar> |
[v] | voiced labiodental fricative; <very> |
[f] | voiceless labiodental fricative; <fairy> |
[ð] | voiced dental fricative; <these> |
[θ] | voiceless dental fricative; <thigh> |
[z] | voiced alveolar fricative; <zoo> |
[s] | voiceless alveolar fricative; <sue> |
[ʒ] | voiced palatal fricative; <leisure> |
[ʃ] | voiceless palatal fricative; <ship> |
[ɣ] | voiced velar fricative; <agua> |
[x] | voiceless velar fricative; <mujer> |
[ʁ] | voiced uvular fricative; <trois> (Fr.) |
[χ] | voiceless uvular fricative; <Achtung!> (Ger.) |
[h] | glottal fricative; <house> |
[ts] | voiceless alveolar africate; <tse-tse> |
[dʒ] | voiced palatal africate; <judge> |
[tʃ] | voiceless palatal africate; <church> |
[m] | bilabial nasal; <mommy> |
[ɱ] | labiodental nasal; <information> |
[n̪] | dental nasal; <¡No!> |
[n] | alveolar nasal; <no> |
[ɲ] | palatal nasal; <Español> |
[ŋ] | velar nasal; <sing> |
[l] | alveolar lateral; <leaf> |
[l~] | <bottle> |
[ʎ] | velar lateral; <castellano> |
[r] | alveolar roll; <first> |
[ɾ] | alveolar tap; <pero> |
[w] | bilabial semivowel; <will> |
[j] | palatal semivowel; <yes> |
[i] | high front primary; <eat> |
[e] | high mid front primary; <eight> |
[ɛ] | low mid front primary; <bet> |
[a] | low front primary; <la> |
[ɑ] | low back primary; <father> |
[ɔ] | low mid back primary; <hall> |
[o] | high mid back primary; <boat> |
[u] | high back primary; <tu> |
[y] | high front secondary; <you> (southern) |
[ɒ] | low back secondary; <not> |
[ʌ] | mid low back secondary; <love> |
[ə] | schwa; <America> |
[ɜ] | nonrhotic; <first> (british) |
[ɪ] | lax high front; <lick> |
[ɨ but capital] | central high front; <stomach> |
[ʊ] | tense high back; <foot> |
[æ] | asch; <ask> |
/au/ | now |
/ai/ | nice |
/ju:/ | new |
/i:/ | knee |
/oi/ | boy |
/ei/ | bay |