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Linguistics Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| paragraph | largest unit of language (made up of sentences) |
| sentence | traditionally considered largest unit of language |
| syntax | correct order of the morphemes |
| morphemes | bits that make up a sentence |
| correct | acceptable to native speaker |
| lexemes | words |
| lexicon | vocabulary, least fixed of constituents of language |
| semantics | meanings carried by the words |
| phonology | study of phonemes |
| phoneme | sound essential to meaning (cat vs bat) |
| morphology | study of behavior of morphemes |
| morpheme | smallest unit of meaning, classified by function (what it does: plural) not form (what it looks like: -s); not represented by syllables (caught, stunted) |
| free morpheme | can stand freely as words |
| bound morpheme | cannot stand freely on own (ing; s; ed) |
| lexical morpheme | both the word and its altered state would be found in the dictionary (marry, marriage) |
| gramatical morpheme | change grammar of word (ing, s, ed, un-) |
| allomorph | same function has different forms (mice is plural of mouse and cats is plural of cat) |
| mice | mouse+plural |
| ran | run+past |
| final | phoneme located at end of word (wrong) |
| medial | phoneme located within word (singer) |
| initial | phoneme located at beginning of word |
| Spanish phoneme rule | can't have a cluster of consonants in 1 syllable (school, escuela) |
| phonetic | study of production and classification of human speech sounds |
| diacritics | accents, dots, change meaning of symbol |
| IPA | international phonetic alphabet/association |
| IPA | goal is to produce 1 fixed symbol for each separate sound, use symbols similar to W. European languages (Greek symbols, old English, made up/upside down letters) |
| Pulmonic air stream | flow of air produced by lungs that comes through neck and out face through organs of speech |
| organs of speech | teeth, tongue, jaw, nose |
| laryngeal-oscope | can see down windpipe |
| manners of articulation | what is done to sound |
| place of articulation | where sound is produced |
| voiced | when the vocal chords vibrate |
| voiceless | when the vocal chords don't vibrate |
| bilabial | lips |
| labiodental | lips and teeth |
| dental | teeth |
| alveolar | teeth at gum |
| palatal | hard palate |
| velar | soft palate |
| uvular | dangly part in throat |
| glottal | where air stream is closed off |
| stops | plosives |
| fricatives | constricts |
| affricates | combination of sounds |
| laterals | sides of mouth |
| grapheme | the way the sound is written in language |
| allophone | same phoneme with a different sound (ex. cockney replacement of <t> with glottal stop) |
| minimal pair | test for phoneme, 2 words that differ in one sound |
| implosive | air coming in when air released (ex. southern white speech) phonetic, not phonemic |
| shibboleth | linguistic giveaway (ex. Louisiana by natives and outsiders; Houston st. by New Yorkers and visitors; Arkansas River) |
| primary vowels | lip spreading to lip rounding |
| secondary vowels | lip rounding to lip spreading |
| meaning | content of what is being said (word, several words, sentence) |
| denotation | what something actually is, factual, dictionary definition |
| connotation | involves a speaker's attitude |
| Ferdinand Saussure | 1. sign-word/sound (winter) 2. signified-idea that a sign invokes (cold) 3. referent-thing referred to, denotation (season) |
| polysemy | 2 or more related meanings (bright-shining, intelligence) |
| homophony | 2 or more unrelated meanings (bank-river, money) |
| synonymous | 2 words that mean the exact same thing in every situation; excessive, over time one word changes meaning, rare |
| antonymous | 2 words with opposite meaning, difficult to find a true example |
| compositional semantics | combining words into sentences |
| paraphrase | 2 sentences with basically the same meaning The police chased the burglar. The burglar was chased by the police. |
| entailment | sentence a guarantees the truth of sentence b a: Prince is a dog. b: Prince is an animal. |
| contradiction | truth of a guarantees falsehood of b a: prince is a dog. b: prince is a human. |
| fuzzy concepts | no exact definiton (rich- no definitive line) |
| graded membership | a concept with comparative forms |
| prototypical | the most representative version of something (Bill Gates) |
| qapa | falling snow in Eskimo - concept that can be presented in English with 2 words |
| lexicalization | putting a concept into a word |
| motion words in English | encode manner and motion (stagger, swirl) |
| motion words in spanish | encode path (ascend, descend are lexical adaptions) |
| motion words in Atsugewi | encode what is moving |
| lup | Atsugewi movement of small, spherical object (hail) |
| qput | Atsugewi movement of loose, dry dirt |
| swal | Atsugewi movement of hanging linear objects (shirt on clothesline) |
| lexicalized concepts | manner, path and object of motion |
| grammaticalization | putting a concept into a functional word (past tense, plural) attached to a word, can't stand alone, alters meaning of word |
| Hidatsa | encode evidentiality (how you know) |
| -ski (Waceo iikipi kure heoski) | speaker certain of truth (considered lie if found false) "the man definitely carried the pipe" |
| -c (Waceo iikipi kure heoc) | speaker believes statement is true (considered mistake if found false) "the man supposedly carried the pipe" |
| -wareac (Waceo iikipi kure heowareac) | speaker believes this is common knowledge |
| -rahe (Waceo iikipi kure heorahe) | an unverified report from someone else |
| extralinguistic | not specifically stated but implied |
| presupposition | assumption or belief based on word choice-not explicit "Lincoln was assassinated in 1865" assassinated reveals that the person was important |
| maxim | rules |
| maxim of relevance | be relevant; ex: Party -> I have homework, on surface response seems unrelated but maxim shows that it is an excuse not to go |
| maxim of quality | make contribution true (sarcasm is a violation) |
| maxim of quantity | don't say too much or too little; ex. where you live |
| maxim of manner | avoid ambiguity/obscurity; ex. answering a question in another language |
| [b] | voiced bilabial stop; <baby> |
| [p] | voiceless bilabial stop; <paper> |
| [d̪] | voiced dental stop; <dos> |
| [t̪] | voiceless dental stop; <tú> |
| [d] | voiced alveolar stop; <do> |
| [t] | voiceless alveolar stop; <to> |
| [ɟ] | voiced palatal stop; <Magyar> |
| [g] | voiced velar stop; <give> |
| [k] | voiceless velar stop; <kiss> |
| [ʔ] | glottal stop; <uh-uh> |
| [β] | voiced bilabial fricative; <hablar> |
| [v] | voiced labiodental fricative; <very> |
| [f] | voiceless labiodental fricative; <fairy> |
| [ð] | voiced dental fricative; <these> |
| [θ] | voiceless dental fricative; <thigh> |
| [z] | voiced alveolar fricative; <zoo> |
| [s] | voiceless alveolar fricative; <sue> |
| [ʒ] | voiced palatal fricative; <leisure> |
| [ʃ] | voiceless palatal fricative; <ship> |
| [ɣ] | voiced velar fricative; <agua> |
| [x] | voiceless velar fricative; <mujer> |
| [ʁ] | voiced uvular fricative; <trois> (Fr.) |
| [χ] | voiceless uvular fricative; <Achtung!> (Ger.) |
| [h] | glottal fricative; <house> |
| [ts] | voiceless alveolar africate; <tse-tse> |
| [dʒ] | voiced palatal africate; <judge> |
| [tʃ] | voiceless palatal africate; <church> |
| [m] | bilabial nasal; <mommy> |
| [ɱ] | labiodental nasal; <information> |
| [n̪] | dental nasal; <¡No!> |
| [n] | alveolar nasal; <no> |
| [ɲ] | palatal nasal; <Español> |
| [ŋ] | velar nasal; <sing> |
| [l] | alveolar lateral; <leaf> |
| [l~] | <bottle> |
| [ʎ] | velar lateral; <castellano> |
| [r] | alveolar roll; <first> |
| [ɾ] | alveolar tap; <pero> |
| [w] | bilabial semivowel; <will> |
| [j] | palatal semivowel; <yes> |
| [i] | high front primary; <eat> |
| [e] | high mid front primary; <eight> |
| [ɛ] | low mid front primary; <bet> |
| [a] | low front primary; <la> |
| [ɑ] | low back primary; <father> |
| [ɔ] | low mid back primary; <hall> |
| [o] | high mid back primary; <boat> |
| [u] | high back primary; <tu> |
| [y] | high front secondary; <you> (southern) |
| [ɒ] | low back secondary; <not> |
| [ʌ] | mid low back secondary; <love> |
| [ə] | schwa; <America> |
| [ɜ] | nonrhotic; <first> (british) |
| [ɪ] | lax high front; <lick> |
| [ɨ but capital] | central high front; <stomach> |
| [ʊ] | tense high back; <foot> |
| [æ] | asch; <ask> |
| /au/ | now |
| /ai/ | nice |
| /ju:/ | new |
| /i:/ | knee |
| /oi/ | boy |
| /ei/ | bay |
Created by:
Kellameister623
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