Question | Answer |
SE phenobarb | sedation, hyperactivity |
SE phenytoin | gingival hyperplasia, BM suppression |
SE primidone | sedation, hyperactivity |
SE ethosuximide | GI upset, HA |
SE carbamazepine (tegretol) | low Na, low WBC, hepatitis |
SE valproate (depakote) | low plts, hepatitis, pancreatitis |
SE felbamate | aplastic anemia |
SE gabapentin | sleepiness |
SE lamotrigine (lamictal) | rash (incrsd w VPA) |
SE topirimate (topamax) | cognitive slowing, renal stones |
SE tiagibine | dizziness, somnolence |
SE levtiracetam (keppra) | sleepiness, psych disturb in kids |
SE oxcarbazepine (trileptal) | low Na |
SE zonisamide (zonex) | renal stones |
which sz meds can be given IV | phenobarb, phenytoin, valproate, levetiracetam |
tx for tourette | psych dopa agonists like haloperidol, pimozide + clonidine |
tx for tremor (3) | bb, primidone, topamax |
which sz med esp good for tuberous sclerosis | tigabitran |
SE tigabitran | VF loss |
how bring out breath holding spell | for pallid (pain related), press on eye |
when does stroke appear on CT | after 3 days |
when does hemorrhage show up on MRI | after 3 days |
how does hemorrhage appear on MRI | ID, BD, BB, DD (T1/T2 <3d, 3-7d, >7, chronic) |
key components orbitofrontal | emotion, attn, impulse (assoc limbic) |
key components medialfrontal | motivation (lesion gives akinetic mutism, apathetic state) |
key components dorsolateral frontal | attn, working memory, sequencing (spelling WORLD backwards), executive fxn pseudodepressed |
key components parietal | nondominant=visuospatial (ie drawing), dominant=praxis |
key components lateral temporal | dominant=speech, nondominant=understanding prosody (emotl content of speech**1 language component handled by non dominant), also auditory perception and vocabulary |
where's lesion if trbl pairing things | lateral temporal |
what are 2 main parts of medial temporal | hippocampus and amygdala |
key components hippocampus, 2 dz in which affected | short term memory storage/retrieval and consolidating short term into long term, affected in AD and temporal lobe epilepsy |
key components amygdala | emotionally charged memories (overlap w primary olfactory, ie power of smells), aversive conditioning |
how is dominance determined | where language center is |
MC site of epilepsy in adult | hippocampus (ie medial temporal) |
drawing all animals the same would be injury where | lateral temporal |
where do sympathetic and parasympathetic tracts start | hypothalamus |
where's the red nucleus, what is it | in midbrain, where Cb synapse |
describe pt HM | had hippocampus and amygdala removed bilaterally and couldn't form any new memories (hippocampus consolidation short term memory to long term memory), but had procedural memory and would improve on tasks |
sources of posterior circulation and anterior circulation and relation to structures | anterior circulation from carotid (includes m cerebral), near optic chiasm; posterior circulation from vertebral, near brainstem |
which side do Cb lesions affect | SAME SIDE (ipsi) bc dbl crossed |
s/s of lateral medulla stroke | ipsi horner, ipsi face incl dysphagia/gag, ipsi ataxia, contra body |
what does MLF connect | CN3,6 for horiz gaze |
key differentiating feature for INO | they can still converge |
which CN exits from back of head | CN 4 |
where does CNI synapse | in medial temporal lobe (not in brainstem) |
where does CNII synpase | in thal (LGN) |
L SCM turns head which way? | to the R |
if lesion CN12 which way tongue | ipsi |
if lesion CN9,10 which way uvula | away (contra) |
compare spasticity and rigidity | spasticity is velocity dependent (resistance incrses the faster you go), rigidity is steady tension that's equal in opposing mscl grps |
what are cortical sensory fxn tests? What does it test? | stereognosis (ID object by touch), graphesthesia (ID |
what is responsible for bringing perceived threat to your attn | amygdala and thalamus |
what is a 3+ on DTR? 4+? | 3+=spread to other motor neurons, 4+=clonus |
on mscl power what is 3/5? 4/5? | 3=full motion w/o gravity, 4=motion w gravity |
if can't adduct leg what nerve? Hamstring? Calf? | adduct=obturator, hamstring=sciatic, calf=tibial |
2 parts of Cb and what control | vermis=axial, flocculonodular=vestibular balance |
how is sensory ataxia difft from Cb ataxia | Cb ataxia has wide based walk and look drunk, sensory ataxia worse in dark |
what's festination | walking progressively faster bc falling fwd, ie propulsion |
what's steppage gait | lift foot high 2/2 foot drop (peroneal n and anterior tibialis mscl) |
waddle gait seen in which types of dzs | prox mscl wknss |