Question | Answer |
glycolytic system | process of breaking down glucose for energy; can be fast or slow |
pyruvate | the end process of glycolysis |
NADH | used to transfer electrons |
hydrogen ion | the cation of acids; consists of a hydrogen atom whose electron has been transfered to the anion of the acid |
NAD+ | coenzyme of dehydrogenases; plays a role in the intermediary metabolism as an oxidizing agent for metabolites |
lactic acid | an organic byproduct of anaerobic metabolism derived from pyruvate; can be used as an energy source for cells |
oxidative phosphorylation | the phosphorylation of ATP coupled to the ETC |
muscle acidity | an acidic environment created when the pH level of muscle cells fall below seven |
krebs cycle | a major metabolic pathway that involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert pyruvic acid from food to acetyl CoA for energy |
electron transport chain | set of compounds that transfers electrons to a donor that creates energy |
beta oxidation | break down of FA that takes place in the mitochondria and peroxisomes |
FAD+ | riboflavin derived electron acceptor in the Krebs cycle |
cytochrome | protein found in mitochondria (inner) that transports electrons |
glucose 6-phosphate | phosphorylated form of glucose that won't diffuse out of a cell |
glycogen synthase | enzyme necessary for the conversion of excess glucose into stored glycogen |
epinephrine | hormone and NT; also known as adrenaline |
norepinephrine | hormone and NT; noradrenaline |
glycogen phosphorylase | enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis; breaks glycogen into glucose units |
glycogenolysis | breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose |
glucagon | hormone secreted by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels |
alpha cells | endocrine cells of the pancreas that secret glucagon in response to low blood glucose or stress |
adrenal medulla | central part of the adrenal gland that secretes (nor)epinephrine and dopamine |
glycolysis | series of reactions in the cytosol that converts glucose into pyruvate and ultimately ATP |
anabolic threshold | the point at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the bloodstream |
oxaloacetate | intermediate that couples with acetyl CoA to form citrate |
fat adaptation | a higher capacity to oxidize fat |
plasma | the liquid component of blood that suspends blood cells; contains water, glucose, proteins and hormones |
gluconeogenesis | conversion of non-carbohydrate compounds into glucose |
cori cycle | use of lactate produced in the muscles by the liver for the production of glucose |
hormone sensitive lipase | enzyme of the cytosol that frees fatty acids and glycerol |
growth hormone | anabolic hormone that causes growth and cell reproduction; also known as somatotropin |
fatty synthase system | system of enzymes involved in the synthesis of FA |
VLDL | particle used in lipid transport; assembled in the liver by cholesterol and apolipoprotein, converted to LDL |
lipogenic enzyme | enzyme involved with the synthesis of fat |
alpha linolenic acid | unsaturated omega-3 FA |
omega 3 | family of unsaturated FA characterized by C-C double bond 3 spaces in from the methyl end |
linoleic acid | unsaturated omega-6 FA |
omega 6 | family of unsaturated FA characterized by double bond 6 spaces in from the methyl end |
chylomicron | a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglyceride from the small intestine to the tissues of the body |
lipoprotein | a class of proteins with hydrophobic core of triglyceride or cholesterol surrounded by hydrophilic phospholipids, apolipoproteins and cholesterol |
statin drugs | pharmaceutical agents that decrease cholesterol production within the body via downregulation of HMG CoA reductase |
LDL cholesterol | a lipoprotein that transports TAG and cholesterol from the liver to body tissues |
HDL cholesterol | a lipoprotein that transports FA and cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver |
lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT | an enzyme that is used to convert cholesterol to a transportable form for lipoproteins |
athersclerosis | development of plaque in the lumen of blood vessels |
plasma pool of amino acids | reserve of AA found in blood plasma |
peptide chain | short polymer formed from linking amino acids |
deamination | removal of an amine group from a compound |
BCAA | AA with aliphatic side chain that is non-linear |
carbon skeleton | chains, branches or rings of carbon atoms that form organic molecules |
ammonia | also known as NH3, a very basic end product of protein metabolism |
urea cycle | cycle that takes place in the liver and creates urea from ammonia and CO2 |
urea | water soluble final nitrogenous excretion product synthesised from ammonia and CO2; found in urine |
alpha keto acid | an organic acid containing a functional ketone group and a carboxylic acid |
transamination | a transfer of an amino group from an AA to an alpha keto acid |
protein turnover | balance between protein synthesis and breakdown |