Question | Answer |
first two steps of sensory perception? | Reception & Transduction |
What is reception? | activation of sensory receptors by stimuli |
What is transduction? | The conversion of a stimulus into an electrical signal |
What is perception? | an individuals mapping of a sensation |
Perception in detail is mapping of _______ ______ into the _______ _______ | sensory input, cerebral cortex |
Olfactory stimuli does not travel through what? | Thalamus |
3 layers of skin | Epidermis, dermis,hypodermis |
5 sensory receptors | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, proprioreceptors, pain receptors, chemoreceptors |
What does a mechanoreceptor detect? | Changes in mechanical pressure or distortion |
What does a thermoreceptor detect? | Changes in temperature |
What does a proprioreceptor detect? | Sense of movement in space |
What does a pain receptor detect? | Potentially damaging stimuli. Noiception |
What does a chemoreceptor detect? | chemical stimuli |
What are free nerve endings? | encapsulated dendrite of sensory neuron |
Most common nerve endings in skin? | free nerve endings |
What are free never endings sensitive to ? | pain , hot, cold, touch |
3 classes of mechanoreceptors | tactile, proprioreceptors, barorecptors |
5 somasensations | merkels disk, meissners corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, pacinian corpuscles, ruffini endings |
What is merkels disk? | respond to light touch (lips, fingertips, typing) |
What is Meissners corpuscles? | in the fingertips allow for fine touch discrimination |
What is Krause end bulbs? | detect cold |
What is pacinian corpuscles? | respond to touch and high-frequency vibration |
What are ruffini endings? | detect stretch, deformation, warmth, grip |
gustation? | taste |
olfacation? | smell |
most interconnected senses? | smell & taste |
5 tastes that have their own receptors? | umami, sweet, bitter, salty, sour |
Olfactory receptors (dendrite of specialized neuron) respond to ________. | specific odorants (odor molecules) |
Pheromones are sensed by the _______ ________. | vomeronasal organ (VNO) |
What are pheromones? | Chemical released by animals that affect behavior or physiology of animals of the same species |
What is a taste bud? | A taste bud is a cluster of sensory receptors within tongue bumps (papillae). |
How often are taste buds replaced? | Replaced every 10-14 days. |
Filiform papillae. Are they tactile? What do they do? How many taste cells? | tactile. Moves food in your mouth. No taste cells |
Fungiform papillae. How many taste buds? What do they do ? | contain 1-8 taste buds and detect temperature |
Foliate. How many taste buds? Where are they found? | 1300 across region . Back of tongue. |
What contains bulk of taste buds? | Foliate |
circumvallate papillae. How many taste buds? | Up to 100 |
Pores in the _______________allow tastants (food molecules) to reach the sensory receptors. From there, it the signal travels to the ______. | tongue epidermis. Medulla |
audition? | hearing |
Sound waves are _______ _________ ________. | mechanical pressure waves |
wavelength corresponds to ______ (____) | pitch (hertz) |
amplitude (decibels) corresponds to ______. | volume |
What is ultrasound? How many hertz? | any frequency above what humans can hear (20k hertz) |
Sound reception begins at the ______ _______ | Tympanic membrane |
Outer ear consists of what 3 parts? | Pinna- “ear”
Ear canal
Tympanum-ear drum |
Middle ear consists of ? 3 bones named together? Actual names of individual bones? | Three small bones called ossicles
Malleus- hammer
Incus- anvil
Stapes- stirrup |
pathway of vibration? | ear drum, malleus, incus, stapes, inner ear |
What 4 parts make up the inner ear? | Round window, Labyrinth, Cochlea, Basilar membrane- runs the length of the cochlea and analyzes wavelengths |
What is the round window? | thin diaphragm between inner and middle ear |
What is the labyrinth? | bony hollow structure. Most interior part of the ear |
What is the cochlea? | Cochlea- “snail shell” which conducts mechanical sound waves into electrical signal |
What is the Basilar membrane? | runs the length of the cochlea and analyzes wavelengths |
In the ear, what do soundwaves travel through? | Cochlea |
Organ of Corti- composed of hair cells which are the primary ______ _______. | auditory receptors |
Hair cells are anchored in _____ _____. | basilar membrane |
The ear also processes what 3 things? | positional information about gravity, angular acceleration and deceleration |
What is vision? | ability to detect light patterns from the outside environment and interpret them into images. |
Light is ________ ______ of _____. | electromagnetic waves of energy |
What do longer wavelengths mean? | lower frequency |
What is the retina? | layer of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye |
Is the cornea transparent? What does it help focus on? Where is it located? | transparent layer over the front of the eye that helps focus light waves |
Is the lens transparent or no? What does it help focus on? Where is it located? | transparent, helps focus light waves on the retina, behind cornea |
What does the iris for to the eye? Where is it located? What does it regulate? | give it color, the front of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye (pupil) |
Where are rods located? What type of light do they respond to ? What type of vision do they give? Color? | rods are on outer edges of retina. Respond to low light (peripheral and night vision) and report shades of gray |
Where are cones located? What type of color do they respond to? What type of vision do they give? | Cones found near center of retina. Respond to high intensity and respond with color (day vision) |
Where is the fovea located? What type of vision does it give? | region in the back of eye with high density of cones. Responsible for acute vision |
How many cones are there that respond to different wave lengths? What do they make possible? | 3 lengths of cones make color vision possible. |
What are the 3 types of cones? | small, medium, large. have some overlap. |
Photoreceptors in the retina fire at a ____ ______ ______ and strong stimuli can create an afterimage. | low constant rate. |
What is tonic activity? | in a neuron, slight continuous activity while at rest |