Question | Answer |
Components of TDEE | EXee, NEAT, TEF, BMR |
What does NEAT stand for? | non exercise induced thermogenesis |
MET | measure expressing the energy cost of a physical activity as a ratio of metabolic rate during the exercise and during a reference |
BMR amout | 1.2 kcal/minute |
Compensators vs. noncompensators | eat more when exercise/don’t |
Part of the brain that controls satiety | hypothalamus |
Db/++ parabiosis | lean mouse died of starvation (db leptin resistant) |
Db/ob parabiosis | ob mouse died of starvation (db leptin resistant) |
Ob/++ parabiosis | ob mouse becomes lean (ob leptin deficient) |
Leptin | satiety factor (over-produced in most obese individuals); helps some lose weight |
Important discovery from leptin resistance | adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ |
Peptide YY | reduces appetite and food intake (increases after feeding) |
Ghrelin | appetite activating hormone (increased during fast) |
POMC neurons | decrease food intake (activated by insulin) |
NPY/AgRP neurons | increase food intake (inhibited by PYY; activated by ghrelin) |
POMC signaling pathway problems | mutations; autoimmune against MC4 receptor |
Obesity associated w/ what in leptin, PYY, and ghrelin? | increased leptin (resistance), decreased PYY, decreased ghrelin* inconclusive |
PYY obese vs. lean | less in both fasting and fed states; not resistant |
Satiety and hunger in reduced obese individuals | more food & not less hungry |
Less than ___% of individuals are able to maintain weight loss for ____ years or longer | 10%; 5 |
Ghrelin before and after weight loss | after-> much higher |
Change in PYY and ghrelin 62 week after weight loss | ghrelin starts to normalize, but PYY continues to fall |
Evolutionary perspective of obesity | the system is driven to regain weight b/c fear of starving |
What causes increased caloric intake after use of THC? | snacking |
Anorectic | POMC neurons |
Orexigenic | NPY/AgRP neurons |
CB1 receptors | cannabinoid receptors in CNS |
CB2 receptors | cannabinoid receptors in in periphery |
Mice lacking CB1 receptor | lose weight on standard chow and a high fat diet |
Acomplia/rimonabant | blocked CB1 receptor; taken off market b/c of depression |
How do CB1/CB2 receptors modulate appetite? | activation of NPY neurons |
vitamin A is composed of | retinols |
other function (than vision) of vitamin A | cell differentiation |
VADD | vitamin A deficiency disorder-> night blindness, hyperkeratosis |
vitamin D activation | vitamin D3-> semi active form (in liver), then parathyroid hormone converts it to active form in kidneys (**activated by low calcium) |
vitamin D and cardiovascular risk | significantly higher risk w/ less vitamin D |
vitamin D deficiency | rickets in children, osteoporosis in adults |
vitamin E | antioxidant found in cell membranes (prevents oxidation of fatty acids) |
regeneration of vitamin E (3 compounds) | NADPH, ascorbate, GSSG |
B1 | thiamin |
B2 | riboflavin |
B3 | niacin |
B5 | panthothenic acid |
B6 | pyridoxine |
B7 | biotin |
B9 | folate |
B12 | cobalamin |
which vitamin is absorbed in the ileum? | B12 |
active form of thiamin (B1) | thiamin pyrophosphate |
TPP function | oxidative carboxylation reactions |
3 reactions that require TPP | pyruvate-> acetyl coA; alpha ketoglutarate -> succinyl coA; BCAA -> acetyl coA |
thiamin deficiency | Beri-Beri (weak-weak) and Wernicke-Korsakoss caused by interaction w/ alcohol |
riboflavin (B2) | central component of FMN and FAD |
FMN structure | riboflavin + phosphate |
FAD structure | riboflavin + phosphate + AMP |
3 reactions that require riboflavin (FAD or FMN) | Kreb's cycle (succinate-> fumarate); ETC electron delivering; beta oxidation |
niacin (B3) | converted to NAD and NADP |
where does NADPH function? | MEOS (ethanol-> acetaldehyde) and fatty acid synthesis |
niacin deficiency | pellaga 4 D's (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)
*occurs where corn is the main staple |
pantothenic acid (B5) | component of coenzyme A |
pyridoxine 3 types | pyridoxine (plant), pyridoxal (animal), pyridoxamine (animal) |
pyridoxine (B6) | many enzymes in protein metabolism; amino acid metabolism (transaminase) |
biotin (B7)- 2 reactions | coenzyme for carboxylases; pyruvate-> oxaloacetate (gluconeogenesis); acetyl coA -> malonyl coA (FA synthesis) |
folate (B9) | purine synthesis, cell homeostasis during periods of cell division |
folate deficiency | neural tube defects (spina bifida) |
cobalamin (B12) structure | has a cobalt in middle; largest vitamin |
cobalamin (B12) function | odd chain FA metabolism (methylmalonyl- coA mutase); make methionine from homocysteine (then SAMe can be produced) |
cobalamin deficiency | if gastric cells stop producing intrinsic factor, pernicious anemia occurs |
vitamin C structure | resembles glucose (some animals can synthesize it) |
vitamin C function | antioxidant/reducing agent; cofactor for collagen synthesis |
vitamin C is a co-factor for enzymes involved in | carnitine and neurotransmitter production |
vitamin C is a natural | antihistamine |
vitamin D function | calcium homeostasis |