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Microbiology Ch. 1

HU: Dr. Eribo

QuestionAnswer
What cells have compartmentalization? All.
What cells have metalbolism? All.
What cells have growth? All.
What cells have evolution? All.
What cells have motility? Some.
What cells have differentiation? Some.
What cells have communication? Some.
Koch's First Postulate Pathogen must be present in all cases of disease only.
Koch's Second Postulate Pathogen must be grown in pure culture.
Koch's Third Postulate Pathogen must cause disease in healthy animal.
What is agar? A polysaccharide derived from red algae, which is used as solid media.
What is enrichment culture technique? Microorganisms are isolated from natural samples using highly selective techniques of adjusting nutrient and incubation conditions to favor a particular metabolic group of organisms.
What do enzymes do? Supply energy and precursors for the biosynthesis of a cell.
What is a genome? A cells entire complement of genes.
What are pathogens? Disease causing microorganisms.
What is genomics? The science of the identification and analysis of genomes.
What major event(s) led to the microscope? The reading stone, D'Armate's invention of eyeglasses, the Janssen brothers experiment with multiple lenses in a tube and the suspected existence of creatures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
What major event(s) led to first defeat of spontaneous generation? Redi's experiment with maggots in meat and Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment.
What major event(s) led to understanding fermentation? The discovery of yeast as living organisms and Pasteur's consideration that fermentation was a biological process.
What major event(s) led to the Germ Theory of Disease? The development of Koch's Postulates.
What major event(s) led to soil microbiology? Winogradsky's isolation of the microorganism responsible for the conversion of soil elements.
What major event(s) led to the pure cultures? Koch's idea that it is vital to have a sterile solid media culture.
Leeuwenhoek... Discovered bacteria.
Pasteur... Recognized significance of optical isomers. Discovered the mechanism of fermentation. Defeated spontaneous generation.
Redi... Defeated spontaneous generation.
Metchnikoff... Pioneer of immunology.
Fleming... Discovered penicillin. Treated syphilis.
Jenner... Treated smallpox.
Semmelweis.. Pioneer of antibiotic procedures.
Cohn... Discovered endospores.
Needham... Supported spontaneous generation.
Janssen... Produced compound microscope.
Tyndall... Defeated spontaneous generation.
Hooke... Discovered microorganisms.
Winogradsky... Proposed chemolithotrophy and chemoautotrophy. nitrogen fixating bacteria. Discovered sulfur bacteria.
What is a chemolithotroph? An organism that uses inorganic substances.
What is a chemoautotroph? An organism that obtain energy through oxidization.
What does a nitrogen fixing bacteria do? Fix nitrogen gas into a more usable form.
Beijerinck... Developed the enrichment culture technique. Described the first virus.
Waksman... Discovered the process of the decomposition of organic substances. Discovered streptomycin.
Lister... Revolutionized surgery.
Gram... Developed the Gram Stain.
Iwanowski... Discovered viruses.
Koch... Developed Koch's postulates and pure culture microbiology. Discovered cause of tuberculosis and cholera.
Jacob and Monad... Proposed the existence of mRNA and developed concept of operons.
Arber and Smith... Discovered restriction endonuclease.
What are restriction endonuclease? Enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites.
Kohler and Milstein... Discovered generation of monoclonal antibodies.
What are monoclonal antibodies? Any class of antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Montagler and Gallo... Discovered human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Reed... Proved that mosquitos carried yellow fever.
Woese and Fox... Discovered Archaea.
Chamberland... Developed Chamberland filter.
Behring... Discovered the antibody diptheria antitoxin.
Colwell... Director of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF).
Neidhardt... Pioneer in molecular physiology and proteomics. Served as president of American Society for Microbiology.
What are proteomics? study of proteins encoded by a genome.
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