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Psychology

Test #1

QuestionAnswer
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes Psychology
What are the goals of Psychology? Description, Explanation, Theory, prediction and control
What is a theory? Explanation of a set of observations or facts
Focused on structure or basic elements of the mind Structuralism
Established first psychology laboratory Wilhelm Wundt
Who was involved in structuralism? Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, Margaret Washburn
Examine and measure personal thought and mental activities Developed objective introspection
Wundt's student, brought structuralism to America. Edward Titchener
Titchener's student, first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology Margaret Washburn
When did Structuralism die out? Early 1900s
Function in the real world Functionalism
How people to adapt, live, work, and play Functionalism
Proposed by William James Functionalism
Influenced modern fields... Educational psychology, Evolutionary psychology, Industrial/organizational psychology
Perception can only be understood as a complete event Max Wertheimer/Gestalt Psychology
Understanding patterns, whole figures Max Wertheimer/Gestalt Psychology
German translated as "organized whole" Gestalt
Ideas are now part of modern cognitive psychology Field focuses on perception, learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving/gestalt psychology
Developed by Sigmun Freud Psychoanalysis
Trained as a physician, worked with patients with nervous disorders Sigmun Freud
Main Ideas: Unconscious (unaware) mind, Repressed urges create nervous disorders Psychoanalysis
Where threatening impulses and desires are repressed Unconcious (unaware) mind
Stressed importance of early childhood experiences, formed the basis for modern therapy Freud's concepts
Who was involved in Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson
Russian physiology, studied digestive processes, reflex can occur with new and unrelated stimulus, conditioned dogs to salivate to metronome. Ivan Pavlov
Developed the "science of behavior", Psychology should focus on observable behavior, believed phobias were learned through conditioning John B. Watson
Must be directly seen and measure, ignore notion of unconscious Psychology should focus on observable behavior/behaviorism
Case of "Little Albert", child conditioned to fear a white rat Believed phobias were learned through conditioning/behaviorism
What are some Modern perspectives? Psychodynamic perspective, behavioral perspective, humanistic perspective, Cognitive perspective, sociocultural perspective, biopsychological perspective, evolutionary perspective
Modern version of psychoanalysis Psychodynamic perspective
Focus on development of a sense of self Psychodynamic perspective
Discover motivations behind behavior (no emphasis on sexual motivations) Psychodynamic perspective
Developed theory of how voluntary behavior is learned B. F. Skinner/ behavioral perspective
Introduced concept of reinforcement B. F. Skinner/ behavioral perspective
B. F. Skinner, perspective was major force in the twentieth century Behavioral perspective
People have free will to choose destiny, self-actualization (achieving one's full potential or actual self) Humanistic perspective
Who were some early contributors to the humanistic perspective? Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers
Used in psychotherapy, assists in self-understanding Modern humanism
Major force emerging in 1960's Cognitive perspective
Focus on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning Cognitive perspective
Physical workings of brain and nervous system, use imaging techniques (MRI, PET) Cognitive neuroscience
Examines relationship between social behavior and culture Sociocultural perspective
Behavior is a result of biological events in the body (Genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system) Biopsychological perspective
Examines biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share (seeks to explain mental strategies and traits, mind is seen as a set of information processing machines) Evolutionary perspective
System of gathering date, bias and error in measurement are reduced Scientific Method
Tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations Hypothesis
What are the steps in the Scientific Method? 1. Perceive the question 2. Form hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Draw conclusions 5. Report results
Allows for replication (demonstrate reliability of results 5. Report results
Watch animals or humans behave in their normal environment Naturalistic observation
What is the advantage to naturalistic observation? Realistic picture of behavior
What are the disadvantages to naturalistic observation? Observer effect, Observer bias, each naturalistic setting is unique
How may you reduce observer effect? Through participant observation
People or animals behave differently when they know they are being observed Observer effect
Observers see what they expect to see... Observer bias
How may you reduce observer bias? Blind observers
Watching animals or humans in a laboratory setting Laboratory observation
What are the advantages to Laboratory observation? Control over environment, Allows use of specialized equipment, can lead to the development of hypotheses
What are the disadvantages to laboratory observation? Artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior
Study of one individual in great detail Case study
What are advantages to case studies? Tremendous amount of detail, good for studying rare conditions
What are disadvantages to case studies? Cannot apply results easily to similar individuals, vulnerable to bias of researcher
Researcher asks a series of questions about the topic under study Survey
Given to a representative sample, population (randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger group Survey
What are advantages to suverys? Data from large numbers of people, study covert behaviors
What are disadvantages to surveys? Have to ensure representative sample (or results not meaningful), people not always accurate (courtesy bias)
Measure of the relationship between two variables Correlation
Anything that can change or vary Variable
Knowing the value of one variable allows prediction of the value of the other variable Correlation
Mathematical calculation, measures: direction of the relationship & strength of the relationship Correlation coefficient (r)
What does correlation coefficient range from? 1.00 to +1.00
How do you know if the relationship is stronger in correlation? Closer to 1.00 or -1.00
Variables are related in the same direction (as one increases the other increases etc.) Positive correlation
Variables are related in opposed directions, as one increases, the other decreases Negative correlation
Correlation does not prove what? Causation
Allows researchers to determine cause and effect, deliberate manipulation of variables, holding constant other variables The experiment
Specifies steps or procedures used to control or measure the experimental variables Operational definition
Variable manipulated by experimenter Independent variable (IV)
Represents measured response of the experimental manipulation Dependent Variable (DV)
Receives the manipulation Experimental Group
Not subjected to the independent variable, controls for other factors (confounds) that may affect the outcome Control group
Participants are assigned randomly to control or experimental group, each participant has equal chance of assignment to experimental or control groups Random assignment
Expectations of the participants can influence their behavior, class control-give placebo to control group Placebo effect
Experimenter's expectations unintentionally influence study Experimenter effect
Subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, reduces placebo effect Single-blind study
Neither experimenter or participants know if in experimental or control group, reduces placebo and experimenter effects Double-blind study
Professional group that reviews the safety, consideration of participants Institutional review board
What are some common ethical guidelines? 1. Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study's value to science 2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation 3. Deception must be justified
Attempt to answer questions not obtainable with human research, avoid exposure to unnecessary pain or suffering, animals are used in approximately 7% of psychological studies Animal research
A network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body Nervous system
The brain and spinal cord Central Nervous system
Interprets and stores information and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs Brain
Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system Spinal cord
Transmits information to and from the central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure Autonomic nervous system
Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles Somatic nervous system
Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy Parasympathetic division
Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress Sympathetic division
A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue Neuroscience
Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning Biological psychology/behavioral neuroscience
The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system Neuron
Branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons Dendrites
the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell Soma
Tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells Axon
Cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing Glial cells
Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. Myelin
Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body Nerves
Process of molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration Diffusion
The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse Resting potential
The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon Action potential
Referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all All-or-none
Rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals Synaptic knob
Branches at the end of the axon Axon terminals
Saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals Synaptic vesicles
Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell Neurotransmitter
Microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell Synapse (synaptic gap)
Three-dimensional proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters Receptor sites
Synapse at which neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire Excitatory synapse
Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing Inhibitory synapse
Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell Agonists
Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles Reuptake
Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in memory and controls muscle contractions Acetylcholine
Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep, and appetite Serotonin
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movement GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory formation, and nervous system development Glutamate
Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood Norepinephrine
Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure Dopamine
Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief Endorphins
Process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor Enzymatic degradation
Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord Central nervous system (CNS)
A long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes Spinal cord
Which part of the neuron receives messages from other cells? Dendrite
Which one of the following is NOT a function of the myelin sheath? Aids in reuptake
When a neuron's action potential occurs, _____ ions are rushing into the axon through openings on the membrane. Sodium
When the action potential reaches the end of the axon terminals, it causes the release of ______. Neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit the next cell
Receiving neurons have special _____ that fit the shape of certain molecules. Receptor sites
What is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite? Serotonin
A neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system Afferent (sensory) neuron
A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body Efferent (motor) neuron
A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons Interneuron
The connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex action Reflex arc
The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma Neuroplasticity
Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of manufacturing other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear Stem cells
All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body Somatic nervous system
Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons Sensory Pathway
Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons Motor pathway
Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)
Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands Parasympathetic division
Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream Endocrine glands
Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands Hormones
Gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) Pituitary gland
Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum; secretes melatonin Pineal gland
Endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism Thyroid gland
Endocrine gland; controls the levels of sugar in the blood Pancreas
Sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction Gonads
The female gonads Ovaries
The male gonads Testes
Endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence Adrenal glands
The neurons of the motor pathway control ________. Voluntary muscles
IF you are typing on the computer keyboard, the motions of your fingers on the keys are probably being controlled by _____. Motor pathway neurons
What type of cell can become other types of cells in the body? Stem cells
If the pancreas secretes too little insulin, it causes _______. Diabetes
Insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire Deep lesioning
Brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain Computed tomography (CT)
Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Machine designed to record the electroencephalogram Electroencephalograph
A recording of the electrical activity of larger groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into a person and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain Positron emission tomography (PET)
Neuroimaging method that is similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate Medulla
The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal Pons
An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal Reticular formation (RF)
Part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement Cerebellum
A group of several brain structures located primarily under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation Limbic system
Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, tis structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area Thalamus
Two projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below Olfactory bulbs
Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex. Hypothalamus
Curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects Hippocampus
Brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear Amygdala
Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input Cortex
If you have problems storing away new memories, the damage is most likely in the ______ area of the brain. Hippocampus
The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain Cerebral hemispheres
Thick band of neutrons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres Corpus callosum
Section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain Occipital lobe
Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations Parietal lobes
Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the sin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possible taste Somatosensory cortex
Areas of the brain located along the side, starting just behind the temples, containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech Temporal lobes
Areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech Frontal lobes
Rear section of the frontal lobe, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system Motor cortex
Neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another Mirror neurons
Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing Association areas
Condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly Broca's aphasia
Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language Wernicke's aphasia
Condition produced most often by damage to the parietal lobe association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field Unilateral spatial neglect
The upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structure that connect them Cerebrum
The higher mental functions, such as thinking and problem solving, are found in the ______ lobes. Frontal
Dr. Ramachandran's unilateral spatial neglect patient suffered a stroke that most likely cause damage to her _______. Right parietal lobe
Created by: bucrrodriguez
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