Test #1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | Psychology
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| What are the goals of Psychology? | show 🗑
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| show | Explanation of a set of observations or facts
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| Focused on structure or basic elements of the mind | show 🗑
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| Established first psychology laboratory | show 🗑
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| Who was involved in structuralism? | show 🗑
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| show | Developed objective introspection
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| Wundt's student, brought structuralism to America. | show 🗑
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| Titchener's student, first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology | show 🗑
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| When did Structuralism die out? | show 🗑
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| show | Functionalism
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| How people to adapt, live, work, and play | show 🗑
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| Proposed by William James | show 🗑
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| show | Educational psychology, Evolutionary psychology, Industrial/organizational psychology
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| Perception can only be understood as a complete event | show 🗑
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| Understanding patterns, whole figures | show 🗑
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| German translated as "organized whole" | show 🗑
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| Ideas are now part of modern cognitive psychology | show 🗑
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| show | Psychoanalysis
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| Trained as a physician, worked with patients with nervous disorders | show 🗑
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| show | Psychoanalysis
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| show | Unconcious (unaware) mind
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| Stressed importance of early childhood experiences, formed the basis for modern therapy | show 🗑
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| show | Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson
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| show | Ivan Pavlov
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| Developed the "science of behavior", Psychology should focus on observable behavior, believed phobias were learned through conditioning | show 🗑
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| Must be directly seen and measure, ignore notion of unconscious | show 🗑
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| show | Believed phobias were learned through conditioning/behaviorism
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| show | Psychodynamic perspective, behavioral perspective, humanistic perspective, Cognitive perspective, sociocultural perspective, biopsychological perspective, evolutionary perspective
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| show | Psychodynamic perspective
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| show | Psychodynamic perspective
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| show | Psychodynamic perspective
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| Developed theory of how voluntary behavior is learned | show 🗑
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| show | B. F. Skinner/ behavioral perspective
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| show | Behavioral perspective
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| People have free will to choose destiny, self-actualization (achieving one's full potential or actual self) | show 🗑
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| Who were some early contributors to the humanistic perspective? | show 🗑
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| show | Modern humanism
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| Major force emerging in 1960's | show 🗑
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| show | Cognitive perspective
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| show | Cognitive neuroscience
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| show | Sociocultural perspective
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| Behavior is a result of biological events in the body (Genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system) | show 🗑
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| Examines biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share (seeks to explain mental strategies and traits, mind is seen as a set of information processing machines) | show 🗑
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| show | Scientific Method
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| show | Hypothesis
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| show | 1. Perceive the question
2. Form hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Draw conclusions
5. Report results
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| Allows for replication (demonstrate reliability of results | show 🗑
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| Watch animals or humans behave in their normal environment | show 🗑
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| show | Realistic picture of behavior
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| show | Observer effect, Observer bias, each naturalistic setting is unique
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| How may you reduce observer effect? | show 🗑
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| People or animals behave differently when they know they are being observed | show 🗑
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| Observers see what they expect to see... | show 🗑
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| show | Blind observers
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| Watching animals or humans in a laboratory setting | show 🗑
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| What are the advantages to Laboratory observation? | show 🗑
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| show | Artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior
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| Study of one individual in great detail | show 🗑
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| show | Tremendous amount of detail, good for studying rare conditions
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| What are disadvantages to case studies? | show 🗑
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| Researcher asks a series of questions about the topic under study | show 🗑
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| Given to a representative sample, population (randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger group | show 🗑
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| What are advantages to suverys? | show 🗑
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| What are disadvantages to surveys? | show 🗑
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| show | Correlation
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| Anything that can change or vary | show 🗑
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| show | Correlation
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| Mathematical calculation, measures: direction of the relationship & strength of the relationship | show 🗑
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| What does correlation coefficient range from? | show 🗑
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| show | Closer to 1.00 or -1.00
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| Variables are related in the same direction (as one increases the other increases etc.) | show 🗑
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| Variables are related in opposed directions, as one increases, the other decreases | show 🗑
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| Correlation does not prove what? | show 🗑
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| show | The experiment
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| Specifies steps or procedures used to control or measure the experimental variables | show 🗑
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| show | Independent variable (IV)
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| Represents measured response of the experimental manipulation | show 🗑
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| Receives the manipulation | show 🗑
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| show | Control group
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| Participants are assigned randomly to control or experimental group, each participant has equal chance of assignment to experimental or control groups | show 🗑
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| Expectations of the participants can influence their behavior, class control-give placebo to control group | show 🗑
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| Experimenter's expectations unintentionally influence study | show 🗑
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| Subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, reduces placebo effect | show 🗑
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| Neither experimenter or participants know if in experimental or control group, reduces placebo and experimenter effects | show 🗑
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| Professional group that reviews the safety, consideration of participants | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study's value to science
2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation
3. Deception must be justified
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| Attempt to answer questions not obtainable with human research, avoid exposure to unnecessary pain or suffering, animals are used in approximately 7% of psychological studies | show 🗑
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| show | Nervous system
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| show | Central Nervous system
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| show | Brain
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| Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system | show 🗑
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| Transmits information to and from the central nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | Autonomic nervous system
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| show | Somatic nervous system
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| Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy | show 🗑
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| Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress | show 🗑
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| show | Neuroscience
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| show | Biological psychology/behavioral neuroscience
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| The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system | show 🗑
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| show | Dendrites
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| the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell | show 🗑
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| show | Axon
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| show | Glial cells
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| Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. | show 🗑
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| show | Nerves
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| show | Diffusion
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| show | Resting potential
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| The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon | show 🗑
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| show | All-or-none
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| show | Synaptic knob
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| show | Axon terminals
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| show | Synaptic vesicles
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| Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell | show 🗑
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| show | Synapse (synaptic gap)
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| Three-dimensional proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| show | Excitatory synapse
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| Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing | show 🗑
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| Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell | show 🗑
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| Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles | show 🗑
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| show | Acetylcholine
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| Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep, and appetite | show 🗑
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| show | GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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| Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory formation, and nervous system development | show 🗑
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| show | Norepinephrine
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| show | Dopamine
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| show | Endorphins
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| Process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor | show 🗑
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| Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord | show 🗑
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| A long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes | show 🗑
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| Which part of the neuron receives messages from other cells? | show 🗑
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| Which one of the following is NOT a function of the myelin sheath? | show 🗑
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| show | Sodium
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| When the action potential reaches the end of the axon terminals, it causes the release of ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Receptor sites
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| What is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite? | show 🗑
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| show | Afferent (sensory) neuron
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| show | Efferent (motor) neuron
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| show | Interneuron
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| show | Reflex arc
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| show | Neuroplasticity
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| Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of manufacturing other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear | show 🗑
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| All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself | show 🗑
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| show | Somatic nervous system
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| Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands. | show 🗑
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| Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons | show 🗑
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| Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system)
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| show | Parasympathetic division
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| show | Endocrine glands
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| show | Hormones
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| Gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) | show 🗑
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| show | Pineal gland
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| Endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | Pancreas
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| Sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction | show 🗑
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| show | Ovaries
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| The male gonads | show 🗑
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| show | Adrenal glands
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| The neurons of the motor pathway control ________. | show 🗑
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| show | Motor pathway neurons
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| show | Stem cells
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| show | Diabetes
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| show | Deep lesioning
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| show | Computed tomography (CT)
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| Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain | show 🗑
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| Machine designed to record the electroencephalogram | show 🗑
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| show | Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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| Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into a person and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain | show 🗑
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| Neuroimaging method that is similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow | show 🗑
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| show | Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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| show | Medulla
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| show | Pons
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| show | Reticular formation (RF)
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| show | Cerebellum
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| A group of several brain structures located primarily under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation | show 🗑
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| show | Thalamus
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| show | Olfactory bulbs
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| show | Hypothalamus
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| show | Hippocampus
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| show | Amygdala
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| Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input | show 🗑
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| show | Hippocampus
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| The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain | show 🗑
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| show | Corpus callosum
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| Section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain | show 🗑
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| Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations | show 🗑
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| show | Somatosensory cortex
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| Areas of the brain located along the side, starting just behind the temples, containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech | show 🗑
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| Areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech | show 🗑
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| Rear section of the frontal lobe, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system | show 🗑
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| Neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another | show 🗑
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| Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing | show 🗑
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| show | Broca's aphasia
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| show | Wernicke's aphasia
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| Condition produced most often by damage to the parietal lobe association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field | show 🗑
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| show | Cerebrum
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| The higher mental functions, such as thinking and problem solving, are found in the ______ lobes. | show 🗑
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| show | Right parietal lobe
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