| Question | Answer |
| Not subjected to the independent variable, controls for other factors (confounds) that may affect the outcome | Control group |
| Developed the "science of behavior", Psychology should focus on observable behavior, believed phobias were learned through conditioning | John B. Watson |
| Neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another | Mirror neurons |
| Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body | Nerves |
| Who was involved in Behaviorism | Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson |
| Examines relationship between social behavior and culture | Sociocultural perspective |
| Main Ideas: Unconscious (unaware) mind, Repressed urges create nervous disorders | Psychoanalysis |
| Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream | Endocrine glands |
| Established first psychology laboratory | Wilhelm Wundt |
| The neurons of the motor pathway control ________. | Voluntary muscles |
| Mathematical calculation, measures: direction of the relationship & strength of the relationship | Correlation coefficient (r) |
| Titchener's student, first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology | Margaret Washburn |
| Neither experimenter or participants know if in experimental or control group, reduces placebo and experimenter effects | Double-blind study |
| Insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire | Deep lesioning |
| Neuroimaging method that is similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow | Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) |
| Interprets and stores information and sends orders to muscles, glands, and organs | Brain |
| Examine and measure personal thought and mental activities | Developed objective introspection |
| Process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor | Enzymatic degradation |
| What is the advantage to naturalistic observation? | Realistic picture of behavior |
| Major force emerging in 1960's | Cognitive perspective |
| Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory formation, and nervous system development | Glutamate |
| The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon | Action potential |
| Brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear | Amygdala |
| Stressed importance of early childhood experiences, formed the basis for modern therapy | Freud's concepts |
| If the pancreas secretes too little insulin, it causes _______. | Diabetes |
| Observers see what they expect to see... | Observer bias |
| All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself | Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| What are some Modern perspectives? | Psychodynamic perspective, behavioral perspective, humanistic perspective, Cognitive perspective, sociocultural perspective, biopsychological perspective, evolutionary perspective |
| Perception can only be understood as a complete event | Max Wertheimer/Gestalt Psychology |
| Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles | Reuptake |
| Brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain | Computed tomography (CT) |
| Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure | Autonomic nervous system |
| An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal | Reticular formation (RF) |
| Endocrine gland; controls the levels of sugar in the blood | Pancreas |
| The female gonads | Ovaries |
| Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep, and appetite | Serotonin |
| Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex. | Hypothalamus |
| What are the disadvantages to naturalistic observation? | Observer effect, Observer bias, each naturalistic setting is unique |
| The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma | Neuroplasticity |
| What does correlation coefficient range from? | 1.00 to +1.00 |
| Used in psychotherapy, assists in self-understanding | Modern humanism |
| Anything that can change or vary | Variable |
| Wundt's student, brought structuralism to America. | Edward Titchener |
| Trained as a physician, worked with patients with nervous disorders | Sigmun Freud |
| Introduced concept of reinforcement | B. F. Skinner/ behavioral perspective |
| Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy | Parasympathetic division |
| Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body | Somatic nervous system |
| Referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all | All-or-none |
| System of gathering date, bias and error in measurement are reduced | Scientific Method |
| What are disadvantages to surveys? | Have to ensure representative sample (or results not meaningful), people not always accurate (courtesy bias) |
| The higher mental functions, such as thinking and problem solving, are found in the ______ lobes. | Frontal |
| The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system | Neuron |
| the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell | Soma |
| What are some common ethical guidelines? | 1. Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study's value to science
2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation
3. Deception must be justified |
| Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movement | GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
| Focused on structure or basic elements of the mind | Structuralism |
| Focus on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning | Cognitive perspective |
| The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal | Pons |
| Attempt to answer questions not obtainable with human research, avoid exposure to unnecessary pain or suffering, animals are used in approximately 7% of psychological studies | Animal research |
| Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning | Biological psychology/behavioral neuroscience |
| Professional group that reviews the safety, consideration of participants | Institutional review board |
| Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal | Sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system) |
| Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure | Dopamine |
| Ideas are now part of modern cognitive psychology | Field focuses on perception, learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving/gestalt psychology |
| Expectations of the participants can influence their behavior, class control-give placebo to control group | Placebo effect |
| Variables are related in opposed directions, as one increases, the other decreases | Negative correlation |
| Where threatening impulses and desires are repressed | Unconcious (unaware) mind |
| What are the goals of Psychology? | Description, Explanation, Theory, prediction and control |
| Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles | Somatic nervous system |
| Sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction | Gonads |
| The connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex action | Reflex arc |
| Discover motivations behind behavior (no emphasis on sexual motivations) | Psychodynamic perspective |
| A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons | Interneuron |
| Russian physiology, studied digestive processes, reflex can occur with new and unrelated stimulus, conditioned dogs to salivate to metronome. | Ivan Pavlov |
| What are the disadvantages to laboratory observation? | Artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior |
| Branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons | Dendrites |
| Influenced modern fields... | Educational psychology, Evolutionary psychology, Industrial/organizational psychology |
| Subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, reduces placebo effect | Single-blind study |
| What is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite? | Serotonin |
| Specifies steps or procedures used to control or measure the experimental variables | Operational definition |
| Who were some early contributors to the humanistic perspective? | Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers |
| Condition produced most often by damage to the parietal lobe association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field | Unilateral spatial neglect |
| Developed theory of how voluntary behavior is learned | B. F. Skinner/ behavioral perspective |
| The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain | Cerebral hemispheres |
| Process of molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration | Diffusion |
| Receiving neurons have special _____ that fit the shape of certain molecules. | Receptor sites |
| Represents measured response of the experimental manipulation | Dependent Variable (DV) |
| Understanding patterns, whole figures | Max Wertheimer/Gestalt Psychology |
| Machine designed to record the electroencephalogram | Electroencephalograph |
| Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations | Parietal lobes |
| Focus on development of a sense of self | Psychodynamic perspective |
| MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation | Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
| Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing | Association areas |
| People have free will to choose destiny, self-actualization (achieving one's full potential or actual self) | Humanistic perspective |
| Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands. | Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| Watching animals or humans in a laboratory setting | Laboratory observation |
| Behavior is a result of biological events in the body (Genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system) | Biopsychological perspective |
| Which one of the following is NOT a function of the myelin sheath? | Aids in reuptake |
| Synapse at which neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire | Excitatory synapse |
| Receives the manipulation | Experimental Group |
| Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. | Myelin |
| When the action potential reaches the end of the axon terminals, it causes the release of ______. | Neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit the next cell |
| What are advantages to case studies? | Tremendous amount of detail, good for studying rare conditions |
| Developed by Sigmun Freud | Psychoanalysis |
| Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands | Parasympathetic division |
| Saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals | Synaptic vesicles |
| Must be directly seen and measure, ignore notion of unconscious | Psychology should focus on observable behavior/behaviorism |
| Part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement | Cerebellum |
| Allows researchers to determine cause and effect, deliberate manipulation of variables, holding constant other variables | The experiment |
| Endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence | Adrenal glands |
| Transmits information to and from the central nervous system | Peripheral nervous system |
| A network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body | Nervous system |
| The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse | Resting potential |
| Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands | Hormones |
| Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing | Inhibitory synapse |
| A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue | Neuroscience |
| Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood | Norepinephrine |
| Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell | Neurotransmitter |
| Condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly | Broca's aphasia |
| What are advantages to suverys? | Data from large numbers of people, study covert behaviors |
| Microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell | Synapse (synaptic gap) |
| When did Structuralism die out? | Early 1900s |
| Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons | Sensory Pathway |
| Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum; secretes melatonin | Pineal gland |
| Which part of the neuron receives messages from other cells? | Dendrite |
| Who was involved in structuralism? | Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, Margaret Washburn |
| Curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects | Hippocampus |
| If you have problems storing away new memories, the damage is most likely in the ______ area of the brain. | Hippocampus |
| Gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) | Pituitary gland |
| Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language | Wernicke's aphasia |
| Participants are assigned randomly to control or experimental group, each participant has equal chance of assignment to experimental or control groups | Random assignment |
| Areas of the brain located along the side, starting just behind the temples, containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech | Temporal lobes |
| Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system | Spinal cord |
| Modern version of psychoanalysis | Psychodynamic perspective |
| Case of "Little Albert", child conditioned to fear a white rat | Believed phobias were learned through conditioning/behaviorism |
| Rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals | Synaptic knob |
| Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, tis structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area | Thalamus |
| Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input | Cortex |
| The male gonads | Testes |
| How may you reduce observer effect? | Through participant observation |
| Tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells | Axon |
| What are disadvantages to case studies? | Cannot apply results easily to similar individuals, vulnerable to bias of researcher |
| Given to a representative sample, population (randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger group | Survey |
| Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in memory and controls muscle contractions | Acetylcholine |
| Tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations | Hypothesis |
| A group of several brain structures located primarily under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation | Limbic system |
| Branches at the end of the axon | Axon terminals |
| Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord | Central nervous system (CNS) |
| How may you reduce observer bias? | Blind observers |
| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes | Psychology |
| What type of cell can become other types of cells in the body? | Stem cells |
| A recording of the electrical activity of larger groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes | Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
| Variables are related in the same direction (as one increases the other increases etc.) | Positive correlation |
| Rear section of the frontal lobe, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system | Motor cortex |
| IF you are typing on the computer keyboard, the motions of your fingers on the keys are probably being controlled by _____. | Motor pathway neurons |
| A neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system | Afferent (sensory) neuron |
| Areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech | Frontal lobes |
| Study of one individual in great detail | Case study |
| Variable manipulated by experimenter | Independent variable (IV) |
| Dr. Ramachandran's unilateral spatial neglect patient suffered a stroke that most likely cause damage to her _______. | Right parietal lobe |
| Proposed by William James | Functionalism |
| Two projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose located just below | Olfactory bulbs |
| What is a theory? | Explanation of a set of observations or facts |
| People or animals behave differently when they know they are being observed | Observer effect |
| Measure of the relationship between two variables | Correlation |
| How do you know if the relationship is stronger in correlation? | Closer to 1.00 or -1.00 |
| The first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate | Medulla |
| The upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structure that connect them | Cerebrum |
| Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief | Endorphins |
| The brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous system |
| Correlation does not prove what? | Causation |
| A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body | Efferent (motor) neuron |
| Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons | Motor pathway |
| German translated as "organized whole" | Gestalt |
| What are the steps in the Scientific Method? | 1. Perceive the question
2. Form hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Draw conclusions
5. Report results |
| Endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism | Thyroid gland |
| A long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes | Spinal cord |
| Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress | Sympathetic division |
| What are the advantages to Laboratory observation? | Control over environment, Allows use of specialized equipment, can lead to the development of hypotheses |
| Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into a person and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain | Positron emission tomography (PET) |
| B. F. Skinner, perspective was major force in the twentieth century | Behavioral perspective |
| Section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain | Occipital lobe |
| Cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing | Glial cells |
| Experimenter's expectations unintentionally influence study | Experimenter effect |
| Examines biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share (seeks to explain mental strategies and traits, mind is seen as a set of information processing machines) | Evolutionary perspective |
| Area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the sin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possible taste | Somatosensory cortex |
| Watch animals or humans behave in their normal environment | Naturalistic observation |
| When a neuron's action potential occurs, _____ ions are rushing into the axon through openings on the membrane. | Sodium |
| Thick band of neutrons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres | Corpus callosum |
| Three-dimensional proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters | Receptor sites |
| Allows for replication (demonstrate reliability of results | 5. Report results |
| Function in the real world | Functionalism |
| How people to adapt, live, work, and play | Functionalism |
| Researcher asks a series of questions about the topic under study | Survey |
| Knowing the value of one variable allows prediction of the value of the other variable | Correlation |
| Physical workings of brain and nervous system, use imaging techniques (MRI, PET) | Cognitive neuroscience |
| Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of manufacturing other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear | Stem cells |
| Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell | Agonists |
