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Biology 1442 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| primary growth | -growth from the apical meristems (in buds) -makes it taller and wider |
| secondary growth | -growth from lateral meristems (middle of stem) -makes it thicker (monocots don't have this) |
| vascular cambium | -cylinder of cells responsible for growth |
| secondary xylem | -made up of three rings (shows age/growth and growing season) -inside VC |
| secondary phloem | -outside VC |
| periderm | -in the bark -made of both cork and cork cambium |
| cork cambium | -produces a barrier on the outside of trees for protection |
| carrier proteins | -passive transport -take/move substances with the gradient |
| selective channels | -passive transport -only allows certain substances to pass through |
| proton pumps | -active transport -cations get moved to area of high concentration |
| osmosis | -diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| hyperosmotic (plasmolysis) | -more solutes than water in the solution |
| hypoosmotic | -more water than solutes in the solution |
| transmembrane route | -lateral transport -moves substances across a cell membrane -slowest |
| symplast route | -lateral transport -moves substances through plasmodesmata that connects all cells -second fastest/slowest |
| apoplast route | -lateral transport -moves substances on the outside of the membrane/not in any cell -fastest |
| mycorrhizae | -relationship between roots and fungi |
| pathway of water | soil->epidermis->root cortex->xylem |
| casparian strip | -blocks/controls entry into the xylem -suberin |
| xylem sap | -provides water to all cells of the plant -provides nutrients (minerals) |
| transpiration | -pushing water out of the plant -evaporation of water from plants/leaves |
| guttation | -water that gets pushed out of the stomata when it opens in the morning -caused by root pressure (pushing xylem sap) |
| transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism | -pulls xylem sap |
| transpiration pull | -water molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds so when they evaporate they pull one another upwards |
| cohesion | -water wants to stick to other water molecules |
| adhesion | -water wants to stick to other non-water molecules -fights against gravity |
| photosynthesis-transpiration compromise | -the opening/closing of the stomata (water evaporation and gas exchange) when the prevention of water loss is needed, which makes photosynthesis stop |
| wilting | -not enough water in the shoots/leaves -no turgor pressure |
| stomata | -controls transpiration by guard cells |
| turgid | -guard cells "buckle" -takes up potassium |
| flaccid | -guard cells sag -lose potassium -produce abscisic acid |
| 3 cues of stomata opening | -light -decrease of CO2 in leaf air space -internal clock of guard cells |
| 3 cues of stomata closing | -water deficiency resulting in flaccid cells -mesophyll production of abscisic acid -high temperature |
| phloem sap | -bulk flow, positive pressure flow -translocation (change location?) |
| PS contents | -sucrose -minerals -amino acids -hormones |
| source | -where something is being produced |
| sink | -where something is being used up |
| phloem loading | -where the source is -usually apoplastic route -sometimes symplastic route (older way) -active transport |
| phloem unloading | -where the sink is -sometimes active transport (not as important) -sometimes diffusion |
| photoautotrophic | -organisms that carry out photosynthesis to acquire food/energy -plants |
| macronutrients | -nutrients required in large amounts -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen are components of plant's organic compounds -nitrogen makes up nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, etc. -sulfer for proteins and enzymes |
| micronutrients | -nutrients required in small amounts -chlorine which starts the water-splitting step of photosynthesis -iron which is a cofactor in chlorophyll production |
| topsoil (first layer) | -humus=made up of compost (dead/decaying stuff) -maximum level of biological activity |
| O horizon | -organic -includes topsoil |
| A horizon | -mineral -maximum biological activity |
| E horizon | -mineral -water solution-minerals suspended in it -removal of minerals |
| B horizon (subsoil) | -mineral -accumulation of suspended material from above |
| C horizon | -mineral -weathered parent material |
| R horizon | -bedrock |
| loam (soil type) | -mix of equal amounts of different particles: gravel/sand, silt, and clay |
| gravel/sand | -large sized particles -minerals don't suspend in them |
| silt | -medium sized particles -some suspension of minerals |
| clay | -smallest sized particles -suspension of minerals/coaxing minerals away from clay (gradient) -have properties of both a solid and a liquid -have negative particles that hold positive particles |
| fertilizer | -puts nutrients back into the soil -nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus |
| organic fertilizer | -no chemical release (pro) -mostly animals feces so there is cross-contamination and not a large supply of it (con) |
| chemical fertilizer | -controls what goes into the soil so there is not much cross-contamination (pro) -produce greenhouse gasses (con) |
| crop rotation | -rotate where certain crops are grown |
| irrigation | -bringing in water from another source to make sure plants have enough water |
| erosion | -the movement of particles by liquids (air/water) |
| wind breaks | -method of preventing erosion -blocks wind by barriers (line of trees, etc.) |
| terracing | -method of preventing erosion -making levels on the side of hills to plant crops/plants on |
| nitrogen-fixing bacteria | -turn gaseous nitrogen into ammonia |
| ammonifying bacteria | -turn organic material into ammonia |
| nitrifying bacteria | -turn ammonium into nitrate? |
| denitrifying bacteria | -turn nitrate into gaseous nitrogen |
| parasites | -take nutrients from their hosts -ex: mistletoe |
| epiphytes | -live on a host but don't take anything from it -ex: spanish moss |
| carnivorous plants | -eat animals/food items -ex: venus flytrap, pitcher plants, sundew plants |
| mucilage glands | -gland in carnivorous plants that produces a digestive enzyme -makes the plant close |
| alternation of generations | -go from haploid in one generation to diploid in the next generation -haploids produce diploids; diploids produce haploids |
| gametophyte | -haploid (n) cell -go through mitosis/fertilization -sexual reproduction -produce gametes |
| sporophyte | -diploid (2n) cell -go through meiosis -asexual reproduction -produce spores |
| mitosis | -division of the nucleus resulting in an exact copy of the original |
| meiosis | -reduction in the number of chromosomes in the nucleus |
| gametogenesis | -formation of the sperm and the egg |
| fertilization | -fusion of the sperm and the egg |
| flower anatomy | 1-sepals 2-petals 3-stamens 4-carpels |
| calyx | -all sepals -acts as a protective barrier |
| corolla | -petals + sex organs -interact with the pollenator |
| stamens (asexual) | -filament=long inside stem -anther=top area where pollen is |
| pollen grain contents | 1-germinative=produce 2 sperm nuclei 2-vegetative=produce pollen tube |
| pollen production | -each diploid cell (microsporocyte) produces 4 microspores -4 microspores divide mitotically to form 8 pollen grains |
| surrounding pollen grain | outer layer=sporopollenin inner layer=pectin surround |
| pollen grain | -male gametophyte -microsporocyte |
| embryo sac | -female gametophyte -megasporocyte |
| carpels (asexual) | -style=long stem in middle -stigma=top pollen containing tip -ovary=contains 1+ ovules -embryo sac=contains 2 polar nuclei and 1 egg |
| embryo sac production | -1 diploid cell (megasporocyte) in nucellus produces 4 haploid cells -4 haploid cells divide mitotically to form embryo sac |
| embryo sac production 2 | megasporocyte (2n) -> meiosis -> megaspore (n) -> mitosis -> 3 antipodal cells + 2 polar nuclei + 1 egg |
| hermaphroditic | -flowers are perfect (both stamens and carpels) |
| monoecious | -imperfect flower -both carpellate and staminate on each plant |
| dioecious | -imperfect flower -carpellate on one plant and staminate on another plant |
| fertilization | -pollen tube elongates -generative cells divides to form 2 sperm nuclei |
| endosperm | -nucleus (3n) -> 2 polar nuclei plus sperm |
| ovule | -seed |
| ovary | -fruit |
| radicle (eudicots) | -embryonic root -first thing that comes out to establish water source |
| hypocotyl (eudicots) | -embryonic stem |
| epicotyl (eudicots) | -embryonic shoot -plumules=at the top of epicotyl (look like leaves) |
| cotyledons (eudicots) | -body of the seed (both halves when split open) |
| scutellum (monocots) | -cotyledon |
| coleorhiza (monocots) | -covers embryonic root |
| coleoptile | -sheath that covers shoot apex |
| fruit | -enlarged ovary of a plant -apples, oranges, peaches... |
| vegetable | -some other part of the plant |
| aggregate fruit | -made up of multiple ovaries -strawberries, raspberries |
| multiple fruit | -made up of more than one flower -pineapples |
| seed dispersal (selective advantages) | 1-reduced competition between offspring for resources 2-decreased relatedness to potential mates 3-reduced competition between parent and offspring |
| agents of seed dispersal | 1-could eat the fruit (fish, mammals, birds...) 2-seeds may be transported long distances after being ingested 3-seeds may hitch a ride on an organism |
| seed germination | -glucose breakdown initially anaerobic -cells enlarge (embryo bursts seed coat) -radicle emerges (establishes water connection) -hypocotyl elongates (moves opposite radicle and becomes stem) |
| pollination | -spread of male gametophytes |
| coevolution | -evolve together and so closely related -sometimes develop attributes that are beneficial to the other organism and not themselves |
| animal pollinators | -only one animal that pollinates one types of plant (work together) -bees |
| vegitative reproduction (asexual) | -like budding in animals |
| apomixis | -like parthenogenesis |
| fragmentation | -stems and leaves -roots can produce aerial shoots |
| grafting | -put a part of one tree on another and it grows |
| signal transduction pathway | 1-reception 2-transduction 3-response |
| reception | -stimulated by hormone or environmental stimulus |
| transduction | -relay proteins and secondary messengers -could be one or more steps |
| response | -regulation of one or more cellular activities |
| parenchyma | -average plant cells (alive) -does all the work of the cell (photosynthesis, CR) |
| collenchyma | -support cells (alive) -unevenly thickened cell walls -flexible; can elongate |
| sclerenchyma | -have really thick secondary cell walls (not alive) -lignan=tough, sturdy compound; staines red -fibers (stacked end to end) or fibers (bunches) |
| fibrous root system | -good for water absorption -stabalizing soil/prevent erosion -anchoring plant to the ground -good for reproduction |
| taproot system | -good for storing starch -support/counter balance |
| storage roots | -radishes |
| aerial roots | -allows the seed to begin growth before in the ground |
| pneumatophores | -prevent the loss of oxygen (allow trees to live in water) by having a root stick straight up |
| root cap | -packed tightly -suberin (lipid)=really tough, sturdy, and water proof |
| meristem (zone of division) | -perpetually embryonic cells (like stem cells) |
| quiescent center | -middle of meristem -mitotic divisions happening slowly and carefully |
| primary meristem | 1-protoderm=dermal tissue (outside) 2-ground meristem=ground tissue 3-procambium=vascular tissue (inner) |
| zone of elongation | -start to see the different types of cells evolve |
| zone of differentiation | 1-epidermis=outer later 2-cortex=middle ground tissue 3-stele (vascular)=inner layer 4-pericycle=ring around xylem/phloem (vascular tissue) 5-endodermis=ring around pericycle (ground tissue) |
Created by:
kaitlin.suttles
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