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NMS Pathology
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osteogeneis Imperfecta | Brittle Bone Disease Hereditary Disease Insufficient Synthesis of type I Collagen No cure/ Rodding & Exercise for TX |
| Osteopetrosis | Marble Bone Disease Abnormality of osteoclasts Overgrowth in sclerosis of the bones Interrupts Density Malignent-evident en utero/ autosomal recessive Benign-autosomal dominant |
| Achondroplasia | Dwarfism Most common of growth defects No tx, 20% family, 80% Genetics |
| Rickets & Osteomalacia | Rickets(Child) Osteomalcia(Adults) Vit. D Def. Soft Easily Deformed Bone |
| Osteoporosis | Decreased total mass of bones Senile(Aging)-Post Menopausal(estrogen def.)-Prolong. Mobilization(disuse atrophy)-Endocrine Disease(hypothyroid) |
| Paget's Disease | Common Genetics-Slow virus infections of osteoclasts Osteolytic-Osteoclastic/Osteoblastic-Osteoblastic-Osteosclerosis Lion Face |
| Osteomylitis | Staph Infections Root-Hematogenous spread-direct penetration fever, chills, leukocytosis tx-antibiotics, surginal wound clean, hyperbolic O2 therapy |
| Bone Fractures | Simple(closed)-intact overlying skin Compound(open)-disrupted skin complete-extends through entire bone thickness ankle plate-greenstick fracture Comminuted-bone breaks into 3 or more parts traumatic-mechanical injury spontaneous-struct. abnormal bo |
| osteosarcoma | common malignant bone tumor |
| Ivory Osteoma | Benign-Round sessile mass found in facial and skull bones |
| Osteoid Osteoma | Painful Benign- Round/Oval mass found in diaphsys of long bones |
| Osteosarcoma | Malignant-gray mass in long bones near knee 10-25 yo / 50 + yo Grade 1(Sclerotic) Grade 2(Osteolytic) TX-Surg, radiation, chemo, 60% survival |
| Encondroma | Benign-encapsulated found in small bounds and feet young adults, TX-Removal if necessary |
| Chondrosarcoma | Malignant-large bulky lobulated mass in axial bones(pelvic) 45+ males, Grade 1 (well diff) Grade 2(poorly diff) spread-blood to the lung |
| Ewing's Sarcoma | Rare/Ex. Malignant fleshy mass w/ hemmo and necrosis onion skin in diaphysis and long bones 10-30 yo males Spread-local or blood to many organs |
| Osteoclastomas(Giant Cell Tumor) | Malig-Green/Brown fleshy mass w/ hem. & necrosis at epiphysis of long bones knee, proximal humerus & distal radius 20-40 y.o. female |
| Osteoarthritis | Degenterative Joint Disease ariculiar cartilage and weight bearing joints Prim-mostly males, midlife Sec-prev. damaged joint cong. abnormal age depent degen. process-age, weight bearing joints, stress biochem. metabolic change in old age- |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Auto immune-diff tissue (joints) females 20 40 yo form. IGM antibodies Fc of IGG(rheumatoid factor) HLA-DR4 Synovitis, Periarticular infl. Synovial Fluid SubCutan Nodules, Cardio System Gradual Onset, Symmetric Polyarthritis |
| Sjogren's Syndrome | RA-Autoimmune Destructive of salvary & lagrimal glands |
| ankylosing spondylitis | Autoimmune assoc. w/ HLA B-27, Back Pain primary issue |
| Reiter's Syndrome | History of recent infections-Conjunctivitis, urethritis, ulcers on genitals, arthritis |
| Psoriatic Arthritis | Arthritis associated with psoriasis of fingers and nails. |
| Gout | Results from deposition of sodium urate crystals in CT, whenever uric acid (end-product of purine metabolism) in blood exceeds 7 mg/dL |
| Muscular Dystrophy | inherited,childhood onset |
| Myasthenia Gravis | common •20-40 years females formation of AB (IgG) against acetylcholine (ACh) receptors on neuromuscular plate |
| Botulism | causes generalized muscular weakness and death from failure of respiratory musclesexotoxin of Clostridium botulinum blocks release of acetylcholine (ACh) at motor endplate |
| Neoplasms | Benign  rhabdomyoma (rare) Malignant rhabdomyosarcoma highly malignant Children <10 yo |
| Cerebral Herniation | 1. Transtentorial (uncinate) herniation-temporal lobe 2. Tonsillar herniation-foramen magnum 3. Subfalcine (cingulate) herniation-falx cerebri |
| Hydrocephalus | Excessive accumulation of CSF leading to dilatation of the ventricles1. Non-communicating (obstructive) 2. Communicating |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges, may be either acute or chronic. 1. Acute pyogenic meningitis-Strep 2. Acute lymphocytic meningitis -Virus 3. Chronic meningitis-TB |
| Rabies | Bite of an infected animalHippocampus - Brain stem - Intra-cytoplasmic inclusions |
| Epidural Hematoma | Rupture of a meningeal artery (most common the middle meningeal artery) usually due to a fracture of temporal bone. Btw Skull and Dura |
| Subdural Hematoma | A collection of blood between the dura & arachnoid Rupture of bridging veins passing from cerebral cortex to superior sagittal sinus Older Persons |
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | Rupture of Berry aneurysms in circle of Willis - Caused by congenital defect of media → bulging of arterial wall into small saccular aneurysms |
| Intracranial Tumors | relatively rare direct infiltration & destruction of brain tissue - within cranial cavity by CSF |
| Astrocytoma | - Most frequent type of brain tumors - 2 types: cerebellar and cerebral |
| Oligodendroglioma | oligodendroglia in white matter of cerebral hemisphere * Slowly growing, gelatinous |
| Ependymoma | ependymal cells lining ventricles and central canal * Age: more common in children * Site: floor of 4th ventricle, |
| Medulloblastoma | primitive neuroectodermal cells * Age: most common intracranial tumor of children * Site: cerebellum |
| Meningioma | meningothelial cells of arachnoid * Age: 40-50 years with female predominance * Site: occurs along venous sinuses |
| Schwannoma | Schwann’s cells (produce collagen & myelin) * Site: along the course of 8th cranial nerve at cerebellopontine angle |
| Neurofibroma | Schwann cells & fibroblasts * Non-capsulated fusiform expansion of nerve * Nerve fibers are scattered within tumor (mass can not be removed surgically without sacrificing the nerve) |
| Dementia | 1. Anxiety and depression with difficulty in memory and comprehension 2. Decreased recent memory and judgment -Loss of ability to solve problems - 3. The patient is totally withdrawn, motionless and mute |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Progressive loss of neurons in the entire cerebral cortex especially frontal lobes |
| Pick's Disease | Age:pre-senile,agegroupfrom40-65years - Cause:unknown - Clinically: similar to Alzheimer’s disease |
| Senile Disease | Age: usually over 60 years - Evidence of atherosclerosis - Neurofibrillary tangles & senile plaques are less abundant than Alzheimer’s diseas |
| Parkinson's Disease | 5% 70 yo>mask-like face - slow difficult speech - slow difficult movements - increased muscle rigidity (lead pipe rigidity) - resting tremors |
| Huntington's Disease | Inherited,autosomaldominant - Onset:30-50yearsInvoluntary movements (chorea) 2. Dementia, Depression 3. Slow progressive course 4. Death in 15-20 years |
| Wilson's Disease | Hepatolenticulardegeneration - Inherited,autosomalrecessive - Disorder of copper metabolism |
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