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Chp1-Organization of
anatomy physiology week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hypothesis | idea or principle to be tested |
| experiment | series of tests of a hypothesis, controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences |
| theory | a hypothesis that has been proven by an experiment to have a high degree of confidence |
| law | a theory that has an unusually high level of confidence |
| anatomy | science of the normal structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts |
| gross anatomy | study of the body and its parts using NAKED EYE |
| microscopic anatomy | AKA histology, study of body parts using a microscope |
| what are the two types of microscopic anatomy? | cytology = study of cells histology = study of tissues |
| developmental anatomy | study of human growth and development |
| pathological anatomy | study of diseased body structures |
| systemic anatomy | study of the body by systems |
| physiology | science of the normal functions of organisms |
| subdivisions of physiology are named according to: | organism involved = human or plant physiology organizational level = molecular or ccellular physiology systemic function = respiratory, neurovascular, cardiovascular |
| characteristics of life | -responsiveness -conductivity -growth -respiration -digestion -absorption -secretion -excretion -circulation -reproduction |
| metabolism | sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body |
| chemical level | basis for life, separates living material from nonliving material, organization of atoms molecules and macromolecules results in living matter --> cytoplasm |
| organelle level | chemical structures organized to form organelles that perform individual functions, function of the organelles that allow the cell to live, dozens of organelles have been identified --> mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum |
| cellular level | smallest/numerous unit that has characteristics of life, nucleous is surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane, cells differentiate to perform unique tasks, smallest living unit in body |
| tissue level | similar cells together to perform certain functions, tissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrix |
| four major tissue types | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| oran level | organization of several diff kinds of tissues to perform a special function, represent complex operational units, each organ has a unique size shape appearance and placement in body |
| system level | made of organs, most complex organizational unit of body, |
| system level of organization performs what functions? | -support and movement -communication, control, integration -transportation and defense -respiration, nutrition, excretion -reproduction and development |
| organism level | living human organism is greater than the sum of its parts, all components interact to allow human to survive and flourish |
| bilateral symmetry | left and right sides are mirror images, balanced proportions, |
| ipsilateral | structures are on the same side |
| contralateral | structures are on opposite sides |
| ventral body cavity | -located in front -contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
| thoracic cavity contains: | -right and left pleural cavities (lungs) -mediastinum (heart) |
| abdominopelvic cavity contains: | -abdominal cavity -pelvic cavity |
| axial subdivision | -head -neck -torso, or trunk |
| appendicular subdivision | -upper extremity and subdivisions -lower extremity and subdivisions - |
| abdominal regions | -right hypochondriac -epigastric -left hypochondriac -right lumbar -umbilical -left lumbar -right iliac (inguinal) -hypogastric -left iliac (inguinal) |
| abdomiopelvic quadrants | -right upper quadrant -left upper quadrant -right lower quadrant -left lower quadrant |
| directional terms | -superior -inferior -anterior (ventral) -posterior (dorsal) -medial -lateral -proximal -distal -superficial -deep |
| terms related to organs | -lumen -central -peripheral -medullary -cortical -apical -basal |
| sagittal plane | runs front to back so that sections through this plane divide body into right and left parts |
| midsagittal or median sagittal | sagittal plane exactly in middle |
| frontal (coronal) plane | runs lengthwise (side to side), divides body into anterior and posterior |
| transverse (horizontal) plane | crosswise plane, divides body into upper and lower |
| somatotype | category of body build or physique |
| name somatotypes | endomorphic (apple shaped, pear shaped), mesomorph, ectomorph |
| endomorph | -heavy, rounded physique with accumulation of fat -apple shape --> more fat in waist than hips (health problems!) -pear shaped --> more fat in hips than waist |
| mesomorph | muscular physique |
| ectomorph | thin, fragile physique with little fat |
| homeostasis | describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body, internal environment around body cells remains constant |
| homeostatic control mechanisms | devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis by self-regulation through feedback control loops |
| basic components of control mechanisms | -sensor mechanism -integrating, or control mechanism -effector mechanism -feedback |
| sensor mechanism | specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal |
| integrating or control center | information is analyzed and integrated, and then a specific action is initiated |
| effector mechanism | effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables, organs that take effect |
| feedback | process of information about a variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator |
| negative feedback control systems: | -are inhibitory -stabilize physiological variables -produce an action that is opposite to change activated in system -are responsible for maintaining homeostasis -are much more common than positive feedback |
| positive feedback control systems: | -are stimulatory -amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring -tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis -bring specific body functions to swift completion |
| levels of homeostatic control | intracellular control = within cells intrinsic control (autoregulation) = within tissues or organs extrinsic control = organ to organ |
| atrophy | term to describe the wasting effects of advancing age |
| terms related to organs | lumen, central, peripheral, medullary, cortical, apical, basal |
| lumen | hollow part or organ |
| central | near center of the body |
| peripheral | across the boundary of the body |
| medullary | inner region of organ |
| cortical | outer region or layer of an organ |
| basal | base or widest part of an organ (in cone shape organs) |
| apical | narrow tip of an organ (in cone shape) |
Created by:
BretteM
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