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Excretory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiac muscle | Found in the heart, Generates its own action potential |
| Describe filtration | The filtrate diffuses out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman's capsule. After, it travels to the loop of Henle and then to the tubule. It then goes into the bladder for storage until it can be excreted through the urethra |
| Describe the major hormone for the kidneys | The posterior pituitary produces the antidiuretic hormone, which targets the collecting tube of the nephron and regulates blood pressure by controlling how much water the kidneys reabsorb |
| Excretion | The removal of metabolic wastes |
| Filtration occurs by _______ and is _______ and _______ | Diffusion +Passive + Nonselective |
| How many nephrons does each kidney have? | Thousands |
| Nephron | The basic functional unit of the kidney |
| Reabsorption | The process by which water and other solutes that entered the tubule during filtration are transported back into the the capillaries and into the body |
| Secretion is _______ and _______ | Active + Selective |
| Secretion | Molecules that did not get filtered into the Bowmans capsule are uptaken by the tubules inthe nephron |
| The four jobs of the nephron | Filtration + Secretion + Reabsorbtion + Excretion |
| The kidneys excrete... | Excess water and urea |
| The longer the loop of Henle, the _______ the reabsorptionof water | Greater |
| The lungs excrete... | Water vapor and carbon dioxide |
| The skin excretes... | Sweat, consisting of water, salts and urea |
| What are the organs of excretion? | Skin + Lungs + Kidneys + Liver |
| What does the liver excrete? | Nothing, but it is the site of deamination of amino acids and the production site of urea |
| What is the nephron made of? | Glomerulus- cluster of capillaries |
| Bowmans capsule | cup shaped structure + Tubule- long narrow tube + Loop of Henle |
| What supplies blood to the kidneys? | Renal artery |
| Where does reabsorption occur? | Tubule + Loop of Henle + Collecting tubule |
| Why can the kidneys quickly respond to changing body requirements? | They are under hormonal control |
| The metabolic wastes of humans include | Carbon dioxide, water, salts, urea |
| What are the excretory organs? | lungs, liver, sweat glands, and kidneys |
| What is the function of the lungs? | excreting carbon dioxide and water vapor which are wastes of cellular respiration |
| What are some functions of the liver? | gets rid of excess amino acids which are converted into urea. breaks down red blood cells |
| Where is urea excreted? | the kidneys |
| What do the sweat glands excrete? | wastes such as water, salts, and some urea. |
| How do wastes get out of sweat glands? | diffuse from capillaries to sweat glands and then through ducts to pores on surface of skin |
| What does the urinary system consist of? | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and uretha. |
| Function of the kidneys? | remvoe urea from the blood and regulate concentrations of most substances in the bodily fluids. |
| balls of capillaries? | glomerulus(i) |
| Each glomerulus is part of a _______? | nephron |
| what is the functional unit of the kidney? | nephron |
| As blood flows through the glomerulus, water, salts, glucose, amino acids and some salts diffuse out of the blood and into the bowmans capsule. What is this process called? | filtration |
| Everything that remains after the filtration consists of waste called______? | urine |
| What makes up urine? | water, urea, and salts |
| After the urine is filtrated in the kidney, it then moves to the_____? | ureter |
| What is the funcition of the ureter? | it carries the urine to the urinary bladder |
| Urinary bladder? | where urine is temporarily stored |
| Tube leading to outside of the body | uretha |
| a condition that produces symptoms similar to arthritis and is caused by deposits of uric acid in the joints | Gout |
| In humans, filtrate produced by nephrons is temporarily stored in the____? | urinary bladder |
| what is the principal waste from excess amino acids in humans? | urea |
| the organ that breaks down red blood cells and amino acids | liver |
| main components of urine besides water are_____ | urea and salts |
| in humans, urine is eliminated from the bladder through the | uretha |
| the excretory organ associated with the storage of glycogen is______ | the liver |
| water concentration increases/ deacreases as it moves throughout the nephron structure? | decreases |
| Kidneys | (2) - bean-shaped, fist-sized organ where urine is formed |
| Ureters | (2) - small, muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| Bladder | (1) - expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body |
| Urethra | (1) - tube (longer in men than women) that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body |
| Urea | made by the breakdown of amino acids in the liver |
| Uric acid | made by the breakdown of nucleotides |
| Creatinine | made by muscle cells from the breakdown of creatine phosphate |
| Renin | secreted by the kidneys to allow the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone to help regulate water-salt balance |
| Erythropoietin | - secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production when blood oxygen is low |
| Renal cortex | - an outer granulated layer |
| Renal medulla | - cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids |
| Renal pelvis | - central cavity that is continuous with the ureter |
| Glomerulus | - a knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule where pores produce a blood filtrate |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | - epithelial layer with a brush border of microvilli to allow reabsorption of filtrate components |
| Loop of nephron | - U-shaped structure that has a descending limb to allow water to leave and an ascending limb that pushes out salt |
| Distal convoluted tubule | - made of epithelial cells rich in mitochondria and thus is important for movement of molecules from the blood to the tubule (tubular secretion) |
| Collecting ducts | - several nephrons share a collecting duct which serve to carry urine to the renal pelvis |
| Glomerular filtration | ..., the first step of urine production, water and most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule and then into the reanl tubule. |
| Tubular reabsorption | Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood. |
| Tubular secretion | ..., process of urine formation: wastes are removed from the blood and secreted into urine |
| Aldosterone | : promotes the excretion of K+ and the reabsorption of Na+ |
| Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) | - secreted by the heart when blood volume increases and inhibits the secretion of aldosterone which promotes the excretion of Na+ |
| Buffers | are a chemical or a combination of chemicals that can take up excess H+ or excess OH- |
| micturition | urination |
| Urethritis | - localized infection of the urethra |
| Cystitis | - infection in the bladder; inflammation of the urinary bladder |
| Kidney stones | - hard granules formed in the renal pelvis due to UTI's, enlarged prostate, pH imbalances or intake of too much calcium |
| urinary system | As an aid to all the systems, the kidneys excrete nitrogenous wastes and maintain the water-salt balance and the acid-base balance of the blood. The urinary system also specifically helps the other systems. |
| Kidney functions | Excretion of metabolic wastes + Maintenance of water-salt balance + Maintenance of acid-base balance + Hormone secretion + Reabsorb filtered nutrients and convert vitamin D |
| acidosis | excessive accumulation of acids in body fluids |
| alkalosis | excessive accumulation of bases in the body |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that increases the permeability of the collecting ducts in a kidney. |
| diabetes insipidus | Condition caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland, characterized by excessive urination. |
| diabetes mellitus | Condition characterized by a high blood glucose level and the appearance of glucose in the urine, due to a deficiency of insulin production and failure of cells to take up glucose. |
| distal convoluted tubule | Final portion of a nephron that joins with a collecting duct; associated with tubular secretion. |
| diuretic | Drug used to counteract hypertension by causing the excretion of water. |
| excretion | Removal of metabolic wastes from the body. |
| floating kidney | Kidney that has been dislodged from its normal position. |
| glomerular capsule | Double-walled cup that surrounds the glomerulus at the beginning of the nephron. |
| glomerular filtrate | Filtered portion of blood contained within the glomerular capsule. |
| glomerular filtration | Movement of small molecules from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule due to the action of blood pressure. |
| glomerulus | Cluster; for example, the cluster of capillaries surrounded by the glomerular capsule in a nephron, where glomerular filtration takes place. |
| gout | Joint inflammation caused by accumulation of uric acid. |
| hemodialysis | Cleansing of blood by using an artificial membrane that causes substances to diffuse from blood into a dialysis fluid. |
| nephron loop | Portion of the nephron lying between the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule that functions in water reabsorption. |
| micturition | Emptying of the bladder; urination. |
| tubular capillary network | Capillary network that surrounds a nephron and functions in reabsorption during urine formation. |
| proximal convoluted tubule | Highly coiled region of a nephron near the glomerular capsule, where tubular reabsorption takes place. |
| renal artery | Vessel that originates from the aorta and delivers blood to the kidney. |
| renal vein | Vessel that takes blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava. |
| tubular reabsorption | Movement of primarily nutrient molecules and water from the contents of the nephron into blood at the proximal convoluted tubule. |
| tubular secretion | Movement of certain molecules from blood into the distal convoluted tubule of a nephron so that they are added to urine. |
| urea | Primary nitrogenous waste of humans derived from amino acid breakdown. |
| uremia | High level of urea nitrogen in the blood. |
| urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra. |
| uric acid | Waste product of nucleotide metabolism. |
Created by:
johncl
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