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biologysolreview4
bioloy sol review 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| transformation | when bacteria take up the recombinant DNAand express the new trait |
| genetic engineering can be used for the following | 1. extract DNA from cells 2. cut DNA into smaller pieces 3. identify the sequence of bases 4. make unlimited copies of DNA |
| 1 level of classification | Kingdom |
| 2 level of classification | Phylum |
| 3 level of classification | Class |
| 4 level of classification | Order |
| 5 level of classification | Family |
| 6 level of classification | Genus |
| 7 level of classification | Species |
| homologous structures | in order to classify organisms- scientist look at these- ex) wing of a bat, arm of a human, flipper of a whale |
| archaebacteria | prokaryotic, single celled, lack peptidoglycan |
| eubacteria | prokaryotic, "true bacteria" |
| protist | eukaryotic (protzoa, algae, slime molds) most uni. some multi. |
| fungi | eukaryotic, heterotrophic, cell wall of chitin, decomposers |
| plants | all multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall of cellulose |
| animals | all multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell wall, most move |
| porifera | no true tissues (sponges) |
| cnidera | hollow digestive cavity with tentacles (jellyfish, hydra) |
| platyhelminthes | three layers of cells; flatworms; bilateral symmetry |
| nematoda | digestive system with mouth and anus; round |
| annelida | segmented, closed circulatory system (earthworm) |
| mollusca | soft body, hard shell in some, 3 main body regions |
| arthropoda | segmented body, jointed appendanges, exoskeleton |
| echinodermata | spiny skinned, radial symmetry (starfish, sea urchin) |
| jawless fish | jawless fishes |
| cartilage fish | fish with skeletons of cartilage |
| boney fish | fish with skeletons of bone |
| amphibians | breath through gills/ lungs/ moist skin, 3 chambered heart |
| reptiles | ectothermic, scales, 3 chambered heart, watertight eggs |
| birds | endothermic, wings, 4 chambered heart |
| mammals | endothermic, hair, milk to feed young |
| non-vascular | no true root, stems and leaves |
| vascular | true roots, stems, and leaves and vascular system |
| population | group of organisms of the same species that live together in a particular location |
| community | all of the populations living in a specific location |
| ecosystem | the community of organisms in an area, as well as the non-living factors of the environment |
| biosphere | the living and non-living portions of Earth that sustain life |
| abiotic | non-living factors |
| biotic | living factors |
| autotrophs | produce own food |
| heterotrophs | get food from other organisms |
| herbivores | plant eaters |
| carnivores | meat eaters |
| predator | hunt for food |
| decomposer | eat material that is already dead |
| omnivore | eat both plants and animals |
| symbiosis | two organisms living together with close relationship |
| commensalism | one organism benefits, one unaffected- ex) barnacles on whales |
| mutualism | both organisms benefit ex) clowfish and sea anmone |
| parasitism | one organism benefits- the other is harmed- the harmed organism is called the host ex) tapeworm in intestine |
| natural selection | individuals better suited to environment survive and reproduce |
| artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits |
| sexual selection | natural selection based on organisms ability to mate |
| gradualism | DArwin model which suggests that evolution is a slow, gradual, and continuos process |
| puctuated equilibrium | long periods of no physical change- followed by short periods of abrupt change |
| species | populations of organisms that can interbreed |
| speciation | process by which genetically distinct species arise as a result of accumulation of adaptations over time |
| microevolution | small-scale change of allele frequencies with in a populations |
| macroevolution | large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time |
| variation | exists because of mutation |
| offspring | individuals best suited for survival leave more of these |
| fossils | perserved remains - evidence that indicate present day species have evolved from ancestors- now extinct |
| skeletal | support bidy, protects internal organs; bones cartilage, tendons, ligaments |
| muscular | move body parts; smooth and skeletal muscle |
| integumentary | protection from injury, disease, dehydration; skin, hair, nails |
| digestive | supplies nutrients and energy; mouth; esophogous, stomach, intestines |
| circulatory | gas exchange, transports nutrients and wastes; heart, vessels, blood |
| endocrine | controls physiological processes; hormone secreting glands |
| nervous | senses environment, directs behavior; brain, spinal chord, peripheral nerves |
| immune | destroys invading microbes; lymph, lymphnodes, WBCs |
| urinary | removes wastes and toxin; kidney, bladder |
| respiratory | gas exchange (O2 in and CO2 out); lungs, trachea |
| Pasteur | developed germ theory of disease with Robert Koch; infectious diseases caused by microrganisms |
| Virchow | contributed to cell theory- cells only come from other cells |
| Herchey and Chase | proved DNA was the genetic material of cells; used bacteriophages |
| Griffth | discovered transformation |
| Darwin | Theory of Natural Selection- Survival of the Fittest |
Created by:
qesarah
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