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Biology Spring Final
Biology Spring Final 2012
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what plant structures have ground tissue? | Roots, Stems and Tissue |
| What observable structures of plants undergo cell division? | Tips of roots and stems |
| What does the vascular cylinder of a root consist of? | xylem and phloem |
| Function of Xylem and Phloem | Xylem: moves water Phloem: moves sugars |
| Where is the vascular tissue found in a root? | in the center |
| What type of plant cells use photosynthesis? | mesophyll |
| When are stomata open? | when a plant has enough water the stomata opens during the day |
| What controls the opening and closing of the stomata? | guard cells |
| What is transpiration pull? | when water moves from an area with lots of water to an area without enough. the movement of water from the roots to the leaves because of evaporation. an upward movement. |
| What is capillary action? | rising a liquid up a tube against gravity ser face tension and adhesion. |
| What are the serile leaves of a flower? | sepals and petals |
| What are sepals? | sterile leaves that enclose the bud before it opens. |
| What is produced when a pollen grain lands near an ovule? | a pollen tube down the style |
| What is seed dormancy? | when seeds won't grow when they first mature |
| When a plant reproduces vegetatively, what will the offspring look like? | Identical |
| What is grafting and budding? | produces seedless plants and varieties of woody plants that don't have a strong root system. |
| What are the male parts of a flower? | stamen, anther, filament |
| What are the female parts of a flower? | carpel, ovary, stigma, ovules, style |
| Describe the process of fertilization and pollination. | pollination is when the pollen grain actually lands on the stigma Fertilization begins when a pollen grain grows a pollen tube down the style to the ovary Then the sperm from the pollen fertilizes the egg to produces a zygote the zygote becomes a seed |
| What are meristems? | growth tissue that produce new cells by mitosis |
| What structure of a plant produces the most hormones? | tips of roots and stems |
| What is the source of ethylene gas? | fruit |
| Powerful auxins can be used as _______? | herbicides |
| What is phototropism? | this causes a plant to grow towards the light source |
| How does gravitropism help a plant? | helps the stem grow up and the roots down |
| Phytocrome is responsible for _________? | winter dormancy |
| What hormones influence the shedding of leaves? | auxin and ethylene |
| What are the levels of organization in the body? | cell, tissue, organ, organ system |
| What are the four main types of tissue and what are their functions? | 1.epithelial - covers body structures 2.connective - supports the body and connects its parts 3.nervous - carry messages throughout the body 4.muscle - enables movement |
| Give an example of negative feedback? | When the nervous cells send signals throughout the body that it is cold and needs to be warm. |
| Define the nervous system | -sends signals throughout the body to respond to internal and external stimuli. -controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. |
| Define the skeletal system. | -provides structure to the body -stores mineral reserves -protection to internal organs -provides movements -provides a site for blood cell formation |
| Define circulatory system. | -supplies the body cells with nutrients and oxygen -removes CO2 and other wastes from the body |
| Define the lymphatic system | -helps protect the body from disease -collects fluids from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circumlocutory system. |
| Define the excrementory system. | -removes waste from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis. |
| Define the endocrine system. | -controls grow development and metabolism -maintains homeostasis. |
| Define the female reproduction | -produces an ova -prepares the body to nourish a developing embryo |
| Define the male reproduction. | -produces and deliver sperm |
| What is am impulse? | when a resting neuron is stimulated by another neuron or the environment |
| Define homeostasis | maintaining internal a stable environment |
| What is the function of each type of muscle tissue? | Skeletal- provides voluntary movement Smooth- moves food through the digestive track and controls blood flow Cardiac- allows the heart to contract |
| What is the function of the skin? | -to protect the body from infection as a barrier -removes waste -regulates body heat -provides protection from the sun |
| What is respiration? | -breathing -the exchange of oxygen between organism in the environment |
| Where does chemical digestion begin? | stomach |
| What are the main the organs of the excretory system? | kidneys |
| What causes disease? | caused by agents. seen as bacteria, any change that causes disruption in the body, materials in the environment |
| What causes infectious disease? | pathogens, Bacteria, worms, fungi, environment |
| How are infectious diseases spread? | contact between people, coughing sneezing, through food and water, infected animals |
| What is the most important non-specific defense? | skin |
| State the germ theory. | diseases are caused by germs |
| How are infectious diseases spread? | contact between people, coughing sneezing, through food and water, infected animals |
| Provide some examples of infectious diseases? | HIV, Flu, colds, strep throat, |
| What is the 1st line of defense? | skin, mucous and fluids for the respiratory and digestive track, stomach acids |
| What are the body's non-specific defenses? | the fist and second line of defense (inflammation) |
| What does the inflammatory response cause? | pain, swelling, fever |
| What is the difference between passive and active immunity? | Active is an immunity in which the body makes its own antibodies Passive is an immunity in which immunity's are antibodies that are produced by another animal that are injected into the blood stream (vaccine) |
| What is humeral immunity? What cells carry it out? describe it | as an antigen enters the body, antibodies are produced as it's detected , they bond together to form an antigen-antibody complex. Then the active B cell makes memory B cells that remember what the antigen is and plasma cells which produce more antibodies |
| What is cell mediated immunity? what cells carry it out? describe it. | cell-mediated immunity is a type of immunity in which the cell membrane of a pathogen ruptures and dies. the bacteria gets eaten by macro-phage through the process of phacoytosis and it kills and digests the pathogen as the macro-phage is interjected wit |
| What are antibiotics? | used to kill bacteria and will only work against bacterial infection. |
| What is a vaccine? | an injection of a mild variation of the disease, allowing the antibodies to remember the form |
| What is an antigen? what role does this play in the immune response? | what triggers the immune system to start working. |
| What is an anitbody? what role does this play in the immune response? | a special protein that the body creates that binds to an antigen. |
| What is an auto-immune disorder? | your body is attack its own cells, it can not tell the difference between non-self cells and self cells |
| What are the characteristics of all viruses? | - non cellular -does not respond to stimuli -reproduced only by infected living cells -made up of proteins and nucleic acids -very small |
| How are viral infections prevented? How are they treated? | prevented with vaccines. treated by your body, there are not always tteatments so you have to wait for your body to fight it. |
| What is HIV? | an std |
| How is HIV spread? | -exchange of body fluids and blood -sex |
| What cells do HIV attack? | attacks the immune system and kills the helper T cells |
| What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | phosphate group, Nitrogen base, sugar |
| What molecules make up the backbone of DNA? | deoxyribose sugar |
| Where is DNA located in Eurkaryotes? | nucleus |
| What process copies DNA? | DNA replication |
| What is the result of DNA replication? | two identical double helix-es |
| When given the following DNA sequence [ AGCTTCGGA ] write the complementary bases? | TCGAAGCCT |
| What is the name of the enzyme in DNA replication? What does it do? | DNA polymerase |
| When does replication take place? | during the s phase of interphase |
| List the difference between DNA and RNA. | DNA: double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, has the bases adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine and has the instruction of building proteins. RNA: is single stranded, has a ribose sugar, has uracil instead of thymine and RNA helps construct proteins |
| List the three types of RNA and their functions. | mRNA:messanger has instructions for making proteins from DNA tRNA:tranfer transfers amino acids to ribosome rRNA:ribosomal helps with translation |
| How many codons are needed to make 6 amino acids. | 6 |
| A DNA strand that has the bases [ GGTCGAATCCGT ] will code for how many amino acids? | 4 |
| during translation the type of aminio acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on what? | RNA Polymearse |
| If DNA has a strand of [TAGCGGCATCGA] write the complementary mRNA strand? What are the amino acids? | AUC GCC GUA GCU start codon, alanine, valine, alanine |
| Describe transcription Include the molecules the parts of the cell where the process occurs and a step by step description of the process. | DNA RNA POLYMEARSE DNA mRNA it takes place in nucleolus and cytoplasm. DNA unwinds, unzips and complementary bases join up creating mRNA |
| Write on example of a missense mutation showing the change in the amino acids. | AUC GCC GUA GCU AUU GCC GUA GCU this changes it from a beginning start codon to a isoleucine |
| Why don't certain mutations effect the amino acid sequence and protein synthesis? | because some codons code for the same amino acids. |
| Define Diploid | a cell with complete chromosomes; body cells |
| Define Haploid | cells with half the genetic material of the parent. |
| Define Gene | the basic physical unit of heredity |
| Define Homozygous | having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics. |
| Define Gamete | sex cells |
| Define Codominance | when both alleles contribute to the phenotype |
| Define incomplete dominance | when one allele is not completely dominant over the other |
| Define phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism |
| Define Sex-Linked traits | a trait that is related to gender |
| What does meiosis produce? | 4 new cells with half of the DNA of the parent cell |
| What does crossing over look like? | |
| What process produces gametes? | meiosis |
| Explain how the principle of probability is used in genetics. | it shows all over the outcomes that are possible phenotypes |
| What did Gregor Mendel use to study the inheritance of traits? | peaplants |
| What does a punnet square show? | all the possibilities of genotypes |
| A Redparentflower was crossed with a whiteparentflower to produce all redflowers in the firstgeneration. If two redflowers from the first generation were crossed to produce a 3:1 ratio of red to white in the 2nd generations Then what is the genotype of th | |
| Write an example of codominance. | a black chicken and a white chicken produce a black and white speckled chick |
| Write an example of incomplete dominance. | a cross with red and white flowers produces a pink flower |
| What is an example of polygenic traits? | there are three genes that are accountable for your eye color |
| Write 3 ways that a pedigree chart can be used. | 1. family trees. 2. used to find the probability that a offspring will have a disease or disorder 3. shows the family member's with diseases or disorders |
| On Darwin's voyage on the beagle, What observations did he make? | he saw that various types of speices can change from island to island when he was at the galapagos |
| On Darwin's voyage on the beagle, What species did he study? | finches |
| what did the work of Hutton and Lyle suggest? | helped him see that life could change over time and that the earth had already lived long enough to have changed |
| How did Lamarck explain evolution? | that changes such as building muscles could be passed down to offspring and then would eventually change the whole species |
| What did Malthus suggest? | that the overpopulation of people would lead to the world running out of food |
| At what did Darwin form his hypothesis on natural selection? | after he observed all the species on the islands |
| Define survival of the fittest? | the competition for limited resources and creatures that can get those resources will out live those who can't |
| Define natural selection. | when genetic traits are favored to make an organism best suited for survival. |
| Define fitness. | an organism best suited for survival |
| Define adaptation. | a specific trait that helps an organism survive in a specific environment |
| Define artificial selection. | the breeding of animals for desired traits |
| What was the name of Darwin's Book? | on the origins of species |
| Why was Darwin hesitant to publish it? | because his ideas were so radical |
| What do population's share? | all the same species |
| What are some sources of genetic variation in populations? | a mutation |
| What is a mutation? | a change in the dna sequence |
| What is a gene pool? | all the genes in a species including the allels |
| What is a polygenic trait? | a trait that is controlled by two or more genes |
| What outcomes can a polygenic trait have on an organism? | traits result in different genotypes and phenotypes |
| What causes allele frequencies to change? | all based on chance |
| What is genetic equilibrium? | when allele frequency is constant and balanced out |
| What is speciation? | the creation of a new species |
| Describe the three types of isolation and describe three examples. | geographic: separated by geographic boundaries temporal: separated because they reproduce at different times behavioral: they have different rituals involved with mating |
| What does a directional selection graph look like, where are the most fit people on it? | all the way on one extreme |
| What does a stabilizing selection graph look like, where are the most fit people on it? | the average is the tallest |
| What does a disruptive selection graph look like, where are the most fit people on it? | both the extremes are large making very little averages |
| describe Translation | Translation: mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,aminoacids,&polymerse. it happens in the ribosome in cytoplasm. amino acids and tRna translate the massage from mRNA. polymerse and rRNA make proteins based on those instructions producing proteins |
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