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Chapter 1
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| microbiology | the study of organisms (living things) that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye; plays an important role in ecology; a small percent are pathogenic (disease causing) |
| examples of microorganisms (microbes) | bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths (parasitic worms), and viruses that can cause infection |
| eukaryotic | single-celled organisms that possess defined nuclei, various organelles, enclosed genetic material, and a membrane enclosed structure; "true nucleus" (examples: fungi. protozoa, algae, and viruses) |
| prokaryotes | organisms that lack a defined nucleus and organelles, and possess free-floating chromosomes; "pre-nucleus" (examples: bacteria and archae) |
| bacteria | unicellular prokaryote, various in shape and arrangement, that reproduce by binary fission; their cell walls generally contain peptidoglycan and some have flagella for motility |
| archae | prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan, and live under extreme conditions |
| which areas of study in microbiology are according to the organisms studied? | - bacteriology - mycology - phycology - parasitology - virology |
| bacteriology | the study of bacteria |
| mycology | the study of fungi |
| phycology | the study of algae |
| parasitology | the study of parasites (protozoa and helminths) |
| which areas of study in microbiology are according to the processes studied? | - microbial metabolism - microbial genetics - microbial ecology |
| microbial metabolism | biochemistry of microbes |
| microbial genetics | transmission and expression of genetic information |
| microbial ecology | microbial interactions with each other and the environment |
| which areas of study in microbiology are according to health-related fields? | - immunology - epidemiology - etiology - infection control - chemotherapy |
| immunology | studies how our bodies defend themselves against microbes |
| epidemiology | studies how diseases affect populations and how they might be distributed among a population |
| etiology | studies the cause of diseases |
| infection control | controlling hospital acquired (nosocomial) infections |
| chemotherapy | therapy that uses chemical substances to control diseases |
| which areas of study in microbiology are according to application of knowledge? | - food and beverage technology - environmental microbiology - industrial microbiology - pharmaceutical microbiology - genetic engineering |
| viruses | noncellular pathogenic entities; intracellular parasites |
| normal microbiota | microbes that live on and in our bodies and have a beneficial role in our health |
| infectious disease | when certain microbes (pathogens) grow inappropriately on us and cause disease |
| emerging infectious disease | new forms of microbes causing new diseases or causing new version of old diseases to reappear |
| scientific method | the general approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon, whose steps include: 1. formulate a hypothesis 2. test the hypothesis 3. retest the hypothesis |
| hypothesis | possible explanation for observations |
| experiment | testing the hypothesis to support or discredit the hypothesis |
| repetitive validation | continual retesting of the hypothesis |
| theory | a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event |
| taxonomy | the science of classifying living beings originated by Carl von Linne |
| what are the three major areas addressed in taxonomy? | 1. classification (arrangement of organisms into groups) 2. nomenclature (naming of organisms) 3. identification (examining various organisms and using the traits observed to place them into taxonomic groupings) |
| what are the taxonomic categories in order? | 1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species |
| evolution | the study of how organisms have changed over millions of years; based on two major concepts: 1. all new species originate from pre-existing cells 2. closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms |
| binomial nomenclature | the method of assigning a scientific or specific name that is always a combination of the generic (genus) name followed by the species name (example: "homo sapiens" = the scientific name for humans |
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