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Plants test three
Final Chapters
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In contrast to the stimulating beverages discussed in ch.13, alcoholic beverages act as what in the human body? | Alcoholic beverages act as depressants in the human body |
| What animals drink alcohol to excess under natural conditions and become addicted to it? | Humans are the only animals that drink alcohol in excess and can become addicted to it. |
| What 2 properties does ethanol or beverage alcohol have that allows it to move rapidly across cell membranes? | Ethanol can cross cell membranes rapidly because they have a 2-carbon alcohol structure and soluble in both water & fats. |
| In what year did it become illegal to use alcohol in the US? In what year was it again legalized? | Alcohol became illegal in the US in 1920 with the 18th Amendment, but it was legalized again in 1933 |
| The period in-between is often referred to as the time of ______. What prompted the termination of that 13 year period? | The period in-between is known as the time of Prohibition. Alcohol was legalized again because the crime rates, fees for legal actions, and deaths were higher during the Prohibition period. |
| What is the genus name of the yeast organisms used in fermentation? Give 2 reasons why these fungi are preferred over others that could be used? | The genus name of the yeast organism used in fermentation is Saccharomyces. These fungi is preferred over others because they are efficient at alcohol production and they can tolerate high levels of ethanol. |
| Nutritionally, yeasts need what 2 kinds of compounds in order to live and reproduce? | Nutritionally, yeasts need sugars and amino acids in order to live & reproduce. |
| Starch is composed of glucose molecules, so why do you suppose that yeast cells cannot effectively metabolize starch? | Yeast cells can’t metabolize starch effectively because it is a polysaccharide |
| What are the 2 main “waste” products of yeast fermentation? One of these can be tolerated only up to what approximate maximum percentage? | The 2 main “waste” products of yeast fermentation are ethanol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol can be tolerated up to 18% because any higher is toxic to them. |
| By definition, what is wine? What is the difference between wine and mead? | Wine is fermented fruit juice. Mead is a fermented solution of honey and water. |
| From where do the yeast cells come that produce natural wine (wine made without human addition of yeast)? | Naturally yeast cells are on the skins of the fruits. |
| From how long ago and from where has the first concrete evidence of wine making come? | The first concrete evidence of wine making comes from 5500 years ago in western Iran. |
| For what did Egyptians use wine? And the Greeks did what with it? | Egyptians used wine for religious ceremonies. Greeks turned it into a popular beverage |
| Why was Greek wine “resinated?” | Greek wine was “resinated” because it was stored in vessels with pine pitch lining, giving it a certain flavor. |
| Currently, which countries are the top 4 producers of wine? | The countries that are the top 4 producers of wine are: France, Italy, Spain, and the US. |
| Why did European grapevines begin to die in the middle of the 19th century? How did the Europeans cope with this potential disaster to their wine industry? | The European grapevines began to die in the 19th century because of an infestation of Phylloxera occurred. Europeans obtained cuttings and seeds from the US grapevines that were resistant to Phylloxera, and grafted them to the vines. |
| How long can vines be expected to bear fruit well? | Vines can be expected to bear fruit for up to 50 years before going bad. |
| What is the function of sulfur dioxide at the time of grape pressing? | Sulfur dioxide is used to kill off bacteria after fermentation. |
| Can white wines be made from red grapes? Can red wines be made from white grapes? | White wines can be made from red wine by removing the skin & stems by letting the free juice run through the fermentation tanks. But, red wines cannot be naturally made from white grapes without food coloring. |
| How are the rose wines made? | . Rose wines are made by keeping the skin on before removing it to let pigments from the skin dissolve into the juice. |
| After fermentation takes place, are white or red wines aged the longest? | Red wines are aged the longest after fermentation for about 5 years, while white wines are aged for about a year. |
| Aging in bottles at the corner liquor store: how long can you expect white wines will be okay? Reds? | White wines can age in bottles for 5 years, while red wines can age in bottles for 30-40 years. |
| What does the vintage of a wine refer to? | Vintage refers to the year that the grapes were picked and wine process initiated. |
| What is the basic difference between a “still” and a “not still” wine? | “Still” wines are wines that are processed through simple fermentation of fruit juices & doesn’t have gaseous carbon dioxide. “Not Still” wines have carbon dioxide botteled inside. |
| What 2 names can be used for “not still” wine? | The 2 names for “not still” wines are dry wines and sweet wines |
| What is a “dry” wine? What is the opposite of a “dry” wine? | Dry wine is a wine where the sugars are completely converted before fermentation is completed. The opposite is sweet wine, where the fermentation process is completed before all of the sugar is converted |
| What is a fortified wine? | Fortified wine is fermented wine where concentrated ethanol/highly distilled beverage is added |
| What is the basic difference between Sherries, ports, Madeiras, and the fortified wines called “aperitifs?” | Sherries, ports, and Madeiras use different grapes to get a specific flavor. “Aperitifs” have flavoring from a variety of plants added to wine to get certain flavors. |
| How long ago is beer making thought to have begun? | Beer making is believed to have begun 6000 years ago |
| What are the 3 basic ingredients used in modern beer making? | The 3 basic ingredients used in modern beer making are barley matt, hops, and water. |
| In practice, what is malt? What is the single most important reason that barley malt is preferred over malt from other grains? | In practice, malt is germinated barley grain, and barley malt is preferred over other grains because it has the largest amount of enzymes needed to convert starch to sugar. |
| Why at one stage, is malt heated besides to kill microorganisms? In other words, why not let the seedling keep growing? | Malt is heated to halt the germination process in order to stop the growth of the barley shoots. |
| What are the 3 virtues that hops add to beer? | The 3 virtues that hops add to beer are taste/aroma, enzymes to coagulate unwanted proteins, and antibacterial properties to prevent spoilage. |
| What is the connection between hops and cannabis? | Hops and cannabis both belong to the Cannabaceae family. |
| What specific part of the hop plant provides the flavoring brewers want? | Brewers want the female bract of the hop plant because it has the oils they want for flavoring. |
| What are some examples of adjuncts? What role do they plan in beer making? | Adjuncts are unmalted grains like rice, wheat, and corn grits. Adjuncts are added because they have starches that can be converted into fermentable sugar. |
| What is mash? | Mash is a mixture of grains, water, and adjuncts that are the basis of fermentation for beer and whiskey |
| What is wort? | Wort is the liquid substrate of yeast fermentation in beer brewing, or the liquid portion the mash. |
| What grain is used to make sake? | Sake is made from rice grains |
| What is different about the organisms used to make sake? | the fungus Aspergillus is used for fermentation is different from that of other alcohol beverages |
| What is different about the alcohol content of sake as compared to an American-made beer? | The alcohol content of sake is 18%, |
| Usually what is done to sake just before serving it? | Sake is usually heated just before serving. |
| Traditionally, what was the source of the enzymes used to make chichi? What grain was used? | Corn was the source of the enzymes used to make chichi. The kernels of corn were used in place of barley malt for this beverage. |
| What is the source of the sugar-rich solution for making pulque and what country is associated with its production? | Agave plants are the source of the sugar-rich solution for making pulque and associated with the country of Mexico. |
| What physical property allows water and ethanol to be separated in distillation? | Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water, so it can be boiled off and converted back to liquid again as long as the temperature remains under 100°C. |
| What ethnic group of people is credited with discovering distillation? | The Arabs are credited with discovering distillation. |
| What are the 2 main classes of distilled beverages and from what are they each distilled? | The 2 main classes of distilled beverages are whiskey & cognacs/brandies. Whiskey is distilled from beer, while cognacs/brandies are distilled from wine. |
| What is “proof?” | “Proof” is the measure of alcohol content that is double the percent alcohol on a volume basis |
| TO what is the peculiar taste of “Scotch” whiskey due to? | . Scotch whiskey flavor is from the pure barley malt and kilning of the malt over fire peat moss. |
| What is the major grain constituent used to make “Bourbon?” | The major grain used to make Bourbon is corn, by 51%. |
| What is rum? | Rum is distillate of fermented molasses/sugar cane juice |
| What is brandy? | Brandy is distilled wine |
| How do liqueurs and cordials differ from brandy? | Liqueurs and cordials differ from whiskey because they are distilled to a high percentage of alcohol to remove the flavoring agents. |
| Where was the first plant fiber for weaving used? When? What was the fiber? | The first plant fiber for weaving was used in Turkey 10,000 years ago. The fiber that was used was linen. |
| Chemically, what’s the primary difference between plant & animal fibers? | Plant fibers are made from cellulose while animal fibers contain proteins. |
| How do the 2 fibers react to high temperatures? To dyes? To animal pests? To molds & termites? To water absorption? In elasticity? | The animals are susceptible to high temps compared to plant. plants can readily accept dyes. Animals are susceptible to animal pests, but can handle molds & termites unlike plants. Plants have a higher water absorption, but are less elastic than animals |
| Chemically, what is cellulose? | Cellulose is a long string of glucose molecules that are attached to each other to form a polysaccharide. |
| Other than linen and cotton, what other plant fibers can be used for woven textiles? | Synthetic and vegetable fibers can be used for woven textiles. |
| Where in a plant do bast fibers come from? | Bast fibers come from the phloem tissues in the stem of dicotyledons, |
| Where in a plant do hard fibers come from? | hard fibers come from the leaves of monocotyledons. |
| What is retting? | Retting is an extraction process that rots the soft plant parts while leaving the fibers intact. |
| What is scutching? | Scutching is a process where the fibers are separated from the tissues through beating and scraping the retted plant mater. |
| What is hackling? | Hackling is a process to separate the fibers and align them by drawing mass amounts of fibers across a set of vertical pins. |
| What is ginning? | Ginning is a process to separate the cotton seeds from the epidermal fibers by being pulled apart. |
| Among seed fibers, what makes cotton notable, in contrast to other seed fibers? | Cotton is a notable fiber because they produce the only seed fibers that can be spun into thread. |
| With regards to fiber, why are coconuts unique? What do the fibers in coconuts allow the fruit to do? | Coconuts are unique because the fibers produced create buoyancy in the fruit to allow it to float. |
| What is the world’s most important nonfood commodity? | Cotton is the world’s most important nonfood commodity. |
| From what tissue layer does the cotton fiber come? | The cotton fiber comes from the epithelial layer, or the seed coat. |
| What is the genus name of the coconut plant? | The genus name of the cotton plant is Gossypium. |
| Were species of cotton domesticated first in the Old Word or New World? | Individual species of cotton were individually domesticated in both the Old World and New World. |
| What is the species name of the cotton that accounts for 95% of the world’s crop? What does the species name mean? | Gossypium hirsutum is the species of cotton that accounts for 95% of the world’s crop. The species name in Latin means “hairy.” |
| Is cotton naturally an annual or perennial? Name 3 reasons why it is grown as an annual. | Cotton is naturally a perennial crop, but is grown as a annual crop because it has a short stature, uniform plant sizes, and synchronized fruiting. |
| What is Eli Whitney famous for? In what century? | Eli Whitney is famous for inventing the cotton gin machine during the 18th century. |
| What 3 qualities does mercerization promote? In what century was the process invented? | The 3 qualities of mercerization promotes the luster of cotton, uptake of dye, and heighten its durability. The process was created in the 19th century. |
| What does “sanforization” accomplish? When was it introduced? | Sanforization is a process that reduces the shrinkage of cotton fabrics, and it was introduced in 1970 by the Sanforizer Company. |
| What do permanent press chemicals do to cotton fibers? | Permanent press chemicals reduces the need for ironing after laundering. |
| What is coir? Name 2 uses for pure coir fibers. If coir fibers are inferior in most respects to those extracted from other plants, why does production still continue? | Coir is the thick fibrous mesocarp of the coconut. Pure coir fibers are used for ropes and matting. Despite being inferior to other plant fibers, coir fibers provide a large by-product of husks. |
| What is the world’s foremost bast fiber? Where is it native? | The world’s foremost bast fiber is jute, which is native to the Mediterranean. |
| What 3 disadvantages do jute fibers have? Their popularity is due to low cost, which in turn is due to 2 advantages that they have. Name the advantages. | The 3 disadvantages to jute fibers are that the fiber is rough, brittle, and cannot hold dyes. The 2 advantages of jute fibers that result from the low cost is that it grows rapidly and is relatively easy to produce. |
| What is the genus name of the flax plant? For what else, other than fibers, is the plant used? | The genus name of the flax plant is Linum (Linaceae) usitatissimum. Besides fibers, the plant is used for linseed oil. |
| How do flax fibers compare in strength with cotton fibers? If flax is such a good fiber, how is it that cotton eventually gained ascendancy over it? | Flax fibers are 2-3 times stronger that cotton fibers, but production is more time-consuming and hard-labor, allowing cotton ascend over flax. |
| What are the genus and species names for hemp? Where is it native? Initially it was spread around the world because of what? | The scientific name for hemp is Cannabis sativa, and it is native to western Asia. It was spread around the world mostly for use as fibers. |
| What is probably the longest and silkiest plant fiber of all? Where is the plant from, which it comes native? | The largest and silkiest plant fiber of all is ramie. The plant comes from China and is thought to be native from tropical Asia. |
| Leaf fibers generally come from what category of plants, growing in what kind of environment? | Leaf fibers com from tropical monocotyledons. |
| Sisal comes from leaves of species of what genus? The plants also furnish what “tool” and what kind of drink? | Sisal comes leaves in the genus Agave (agavaceae), and the plant produces needles and can produce pulque. |
| Abaca comes from a plant related to what popular fruit? | Abaca comes from the Musa textilis, which is a plant related to bananas. |
| Is every pigment a dye? | Not every pigment can be made into a dye. |
| What do specific substances called mordants do? Name 2 common mordants. | Mordants are chemicals that fix a dye to the object to be colored to make it insoluble. Two common mordants are iron and copper. |
| What color does henna produce? Madder? Woad? Indigo? Annatto? Which has been used to color margarine or cheese? | Henna seems to produce the color orange, while indigo produces a blue color. Woad blue produces are dark green color, and madder produces a red color. Annatto produces a red-orange color, and is also used to color margarine and cheese. |
| The decline of the use of natural dyes was due to the discovery of synthetic dyes, made from what and in what years? What were the first synthetics called? | Synthetic dyes, or aniline dyes, are made from coal tar and was created between 1850s and 1860s. |
| What does tanning accomplish? How does tanning act on animal skins? What 2 things might tannins deter and inhibit in the plants which produce them? | Tanning turns raw skins into leather. On animal skins, tanning makes the skin resistant to water, heat, and microorganisms. Tannins might deter/inhibits microbial attacks by chemically bonding protein molecules after they penetrate through the proteins. |
| Early North American colonists used at least 2 different trees as sources of tanning materials. Which 2 are they? | Early North American colonists used hemlocks (Tsuga Canadensis) and chestnuts (Castanea dentate) for sources of tanning materials. |
| Generally, do most vegetables tannins come from cultivated or wild grown plants? What plant part, as show in Table 15.5 is the most common source of vegetable tannins? | Most vegetable tannins come from wild grown plants. For vegetable tannins, the plant part used as the most common source is pods. |
| A lateral meristem capable of dividing to produce additional xylem toward the inside of the stem and additional phloem toward the outside is the definition of what? | A cambium is a lateral meristem capable of dividing to produce xylem and phloem. |
| Wood is the vernacular (what does it mean?) name of accumulations of what kind of cells? | Vernacular means that wood is the common name for secondary xylem. |
| What is the difference between sapwood and heartwood in terms of functionality of their cells and also in terms of their location in a “woody” stem? | Sapwood is the region of xylem that actively conducts water, while the heartwood is the region of xylem cells that are no longer functional and remain intact. Sapwood is closer to the cambium than the heartwood. |
| What is the difference in the origin of softwood and hardwood? | Softwood is wood produced by gymnosperms (conifers), while hardwood is wood that is produced from the angiosperm. |
| What temperature regions of the world cause tree rings that are more reliable for age determination than other regions of the world? | Colder temperatures cause tree rings to be more reliable when trying to determine the age. |
| How is charcoal produced? What property does charcoal have that makes it valuable to produce? | Charcoal is produced by slowly burning wood in a place with very little oxygen around. Charcoal contains material that burn at a higher temperature than wood does. |
| What is veneer? What group of people were the first to make true paper, and about when? | Veneer is a thin sheet of wood with uniform thickness that are glued to another surface. The people that were the first to make true paper were the Chinese in 100 AD. |
| When and where was the first paper-making machine developed? | The first paper-making machine was developed in France a little after 1789. |
| Many kinds of paper turn yellow and brittle with age due to the presence of what 2 chemicals in them? | Some paper turns yellow and brittle with age because of the sulfate and sulfite chemicals that are used during processing. |
| What do rayon and cellophane have in common chemically? | Rayon and cellophane both chemically contain cellulose. |
| Cork is what part of a tree? What type of tree (common name), native around the Mediterranean Sea is the source of commercial cork? | Cork is part of the tree bark, and fagaceae is the common tree source, which is native to the Mediterranean, for commercial cork. |
| Which is more valuable, “virgin” or the first-stripped cork, or that produced later? | The “virgin” cork is less valuable that the cork that is produced later. |
| You just inherited land from your grandmother along the coast of Spain, and decide to plant trees yielding cork. How long will have you to wait before you can have a harvest? | A tree that is planted for cork will not be ready for harvest for 25 years. |
| In China & Japan, bamboo is used to symbolically represent what? | Bamboo symbolically represents resistance to hardship in both China and Japan. |
| The box essay “A Good Strategy Turned Sour” refers to a “good strategy” for what organism, and what organism does the “sour” apply to? | A “good strategy” refers to the rat pop. it tricks the rats into thinking there is enough seeds to eat next year when there isn’t. The “strategy” to protect its seeds goes sour for the pandas because it is hard for them to find enough of the crop to live. |
| What are the 3 disadvantages of “clear-cutting” as a logging practice? | Irreversible soil erosion Local population extinctions Loss of mycorrihzae loss of reforestation |
| Color, texture, line, and form are the 4 basic elements of what? | Color, texture, line, and form are the 4 basic elements of beauty required for ornamental plants. |
| If you were buying a plant in a nursery and saw the following label: Tulipa Xsmithii, What would you conclude that you were buying? | From the name Tulipa Xsmithii, one would believe they are buying a hybrid plant. |
| In the West, in what country were the first true gardens planted? In the East, in what country were the first true gardens planted? | The first true garden planted in the West was in Egypt, while in the East it was in China. |
| What group of people organized the first plant-collecting expeditions? | The group of people that organized the first plant-collecting expeditions were the Egyptians. |
| ? In what modern country, were the ancient “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” located? | The modern country where the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” is located today is in Baghdad, Iraq. |
| What is the creative pruning of plants in shapes such as animals called? In what time period was it invented? | The creative pruning of plants into shapes is called topiary, which was invented during the Roman Empire. |
| During the Dark Ages in Europe, in what part of the Western world did gardening flourish? | Gardens still flourished in Spain during the Dark Ages. |
| In what century did the swing away from the formalism of Renaissance garden design toward naturalism occur? | It was during the 18th century when garden design started heading towards naturalism. |
| the US, when were the famous large urban parks developed? | Famous urban parks in the US were developed in the 19th century. |
| Modern constraints of urban life made garden designers think about the idea of reduced scale, few elements rather than many, and the use of evergreens in garden design, and as a result, they turned to design of what of the world for inspiration? | Modern designers for gardens have turned to Asia for inspiration to make smaller gardens. |
| In Japan, what 3 religions (“ways of life”) were/are associated with garden design? What drink ceremony is associated with one of these religions? | The 3 religion, or “ways of life,” in Japan that are associated with garden design are Shinto, Buddhism, and Zen. The tea ceremony is associated with the Zen religion, including hand washing before the ceremony. |
| The turfgrass industry had its inception with the invention of what machine? When? | The turfgrass industry had its inception when the lawn mower was invented in 1830. |
| In North America, more acreage than planted in any single food crop is planted in what? | In the US, we plant more grass seeds on yards than any single food crop planted back in 1996. |
| In Japanese flower arranging, plant materials are arranged at 3 different heights, which symbolize 3 main elements. What are those elements? | The 3 elements that are represented by the different heights in Japanese flower arrangements are heaven, earth, and man from tallest to shortest. |
| In what continent is 75% of the international importation of cut flowers? | Cut flowers are 75% of the international importation for the continent of Europe. |
| In chrysanthemums, modification over their period of use has led to increase in the number of ray flowers from what other kind of flower? If that is the case, what is the “chrysanthemum” that we buy in a bunch? | The modification of chrysanthemums has lead to the increase of ray flowers from a simple daisy. When we buy a bunch of “chrysanthemum,” we are buying larger daisies, or pompoms |
| Roses too have been modified over time, in that floral parts have been modified into petals; what are the floral parts that have been modified? | roses, the stamens were modified into petals |
| Why are carnations called “pinks”? | carnations are called “pinks” because the edges look like they were cut with pinking shears. |
| Nearly every major female religious figure in the Western world has been associated with what kind of flower? | Nearly every major female religious figure has been associated with the rose. |
| What does the term “sub rosa” mean? | The term “sub rosa” means to keep quiet, or silence/secrecy |
| In what country did the “war of the roses” take place? When? | The “War of the Roses” occurred in England during the 15th century between Lancaster and York houses. |
| Most houseplants are natives to what kind of temperature conditions, and what kind of solar exposure? | Most houseplants are native to tropical areas of the world, and they can survive with very little solar/light exposure. |
| In “Future Trends,” the authors identify 3 major trends in ornamental landscaping which are? Following one of these, people in Sacramento should have “lawns” of starthistile, which one? | The 3 major trends in ornamental landscaping are: choosing no/low maintenance plants, edible landscaping, and incorporating native plants. |
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