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Biology B3 GCSE
Cards for the Biology B3 GCSE 2012
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When is active transport needed | When Minerals and Ions have to be transported against the concentration gradient (From Low to High Concentration) |
| The energy for Active Transport comes from where | From Respiration |
| When you inhale, what happens to the diaphragm | It contracts and Flattens |
| When you exhale, what happens to the diaphragm | It relaxes and becomes dome shaped |
| When you exhale, what happens to the air pressure within the lungs | It decreases |
| What adaptations do the alveoli have to ensure optimum respiration efficiency (3 Things) | - They have a large surface are to allow for more gaseous exchange (Both CO2 and O2) – The alveoli have a large blood supply, so the gases reach the bloodstream faster – The alveoli are only 1 cell thick, to allow for fast diffusion into the bloodstream |
| What are the adaptations of the Villi to allow for fast diffusion (3 Things) | - They have a large blood supply, so the nutrients reach the bloodstream fast. – Cell walls are only 1 cell thick so nutrients reach the bloodstream fast. – The blood is constantly replenished, to ensure the concentration gradient is high. |
| How are gills adapted for diffusion | They have a large surface area when in water, so the diffused oxygen within the water can be diffused into the gills fast – They don’t work in air because the stick together and the fish suffocates |
| How do insects respire | They have Spiracles, which open when oxygen is needed this takes the Oxygen directly to the muscle; Most gas exchange happens within the tracheoles, small moist holes where the air is constantly moving to ensure a high conc. grad. |
| What is the name of the term for plants losing water vapour | Transpiration |
| How do plants avoid losing water vapour, also why is it particularly useful at night | They have guard cells on the bottom of the leaf also the waxy cuticle is waterproof and gas-proof at night they can’t perform photosynthesis, so the stomata close, locking in the water vapour and gases, reducing the loss of water due to transpiration |
| What conditions increase the rate of transpiration (3 things) and generally, why do they | Hot Dry and windy conditions increase the rate of transpiration because photosynthesis happens faster due to the sun and heat, so the stomata are opened more to allow for the extra photosynthesis meaning transpiration is faster |
| The loss of water and transport of water through the xylem is called what | The Transpiration Stream |
| How is wilting an adaptation in plants | It allows them to reduce their surface area and water loss when they are losing water faster than gaining it, meaning the plant survives |
| What are the 3 main components of the circulatory system | The Blood Vessels, heart and blood |
| What is the scientific term for the two different blood systems within the human body | Double Circulation |
| What are the 2 separate blood systems within the human body | One goes from the Heart to the Lungs (Low Pressure, due to lungs being delicate) and the other goes around the entire body, apart from the lungs, at high Pressure (To allow blood to flow against gravity) |
| What do the arteries do | They transport blood AWAY from the heart, also its how you find your pulse, from them moving due to one pump of blood from the heart, red in colour |
| What do the veins do | They carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, they also have valves within them to prevent blood flowing backwards |
| What do capillaries do | They allow for solutes within the blood to be diffused into the body, they are 1 cell thick to allow for fast diffusion |
| What is the heart made of | (Cardiac) Muscle |
| What is the liquid part of the blood called | Plasma |
| Where is Carbon Diioxide carried within the blood | In the Plasma |
| How is urea removed from the blood | It is filtered from the blood within the kidneys, where it is diluted to make urine, the other solutes carry on around the blood system |
| What is the function of red blood cells | To carry oxygen from the lungs to where it is needed within the tissues |
| How are red blood cells adapted for their job | They are concave (Larger SA), They have a lot of haemoglobin, which carries Oxygen, also they have no nucleus, so there is more room from haemoglobin |
| What causes Anaemia, and what are its effects | A lack of iron causes it, it means there is a reduced Red Blood Cell count |
| Cellular respiration formula | Glucose + Oxygen -> CO2 + Water (+energy) |
| What 4 changes happen when you are exercising | Heart rate Increases, Arteries Dilate (Become Wider), breathing rate increases and breaths are deeper (Higher Volume) |
| What is anaerobic respiration | Respiring without sufficient Oxygen (Causes muscle burn/fatigue) |
| What is the equation for anaerobic respiration | Glucose -> Lactic Acid (+Energy) |
| Why is the breathing rate still high after exercise | To clear the ‘Oxygen debt’ Where the body still has to convert the remaining Lactic acid from the exercise into Carbon Dioxide and water (Aerobic respiration products) |
| Why are the kidneys necessary for cells to live | If the excess water wasn’t filtered out, then the cells would become turgid, or flaccid, and would break/be destroyed |
| When the kidneys reabsorb certain minerals and amounts of water, what is this called | Selective reabsorption |
| How much sugar passes through the kidneys into the urine after exercise and while not doing exercise | No sugar (Glucose) should get through, unless they are diabetic or have a kidney infection |
| What is the name of the machine which artificially cleans peoples’ blood is their kidneys don’t work, or are diseased | A Dialysis Machine |
| How long is a ‘normal’ treatment on a dialysis machine | About 8 hours |
| What are the advantages of dialysis | It extends their life expectancy compared to kidney failure. |
| What are the disadvantages of dialysis | Expensive upkeep compared to kidney transplant drugs, invasive, Harder to go on holiday/be away from medical care |
| Where is a transplanted kidney put | Its attached to the veins within the groin |
| What are the names of the drugs given to organ receivers (After the operation) and why are they bad | Immunosuppressant Drugs they are bad because they make the immune system weaker |
| What is the average length of time that a transplanted kidney lasts | About 9 Years |
| How do dissolved substances move? | By Diffusion |
| The lungs are in the upper part of the body (___) and are protected by the ____. They are separated from the rest of the body by the ____. | The lungs are in the upper part of the body (THORAX) and are protected by the RIBCAGE. They are separated from the rest of the body by the DIAPHRAGM. |
| The breathing system takes __ out of the body so that ___ from the air can ___ into the bloodstream and C____ D___ can diffuse into and out of the blood. | The breathing system takes AIR out of the body so that OXYGEN from the air can DIFFUSE into the bloodstream and CARBON DIOXIDE can diffuse into and out of the blood. |
| How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf? | Through diffusion. |
| Most of the water and mineral ions are absorbed by what? | Root Hair cells |
| How is the SA of a leaf increased? | They have a flattened shape, and internal air spaces. |
| What controls the stomata? | The guard cells |
| What 3 things does the blood plasma transport? | Carbon dioxide to the lungs, Soluble products of digestion and urea from the kidneys. |
| To try and prevent rejection of a transplanted kidney, what 2 things are done? | 1) The donor kidney must have the same donor type. 2) Immunosuppressants are used. |
| What is biogenesis? | It is the theory that life comes from life, i.e. Life cannot just appear, it has to come from somewhere |
| (Yeast/Bacteria)are used in the production of cheese. (Yeast/Bacteria)are used in the production of bread and alcoholic drinks. | Bacteria are used in the production of cheese. Yeast is used in the production of bread and alcoholic drinks. |
| Is yeast a single celled organism? | Yes |
| Describe what yeast does as a product of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. | Without oxygen, yeast can produce carbon dioxide and ethanol, this is called fermentation.In the oxygen, yeast produces carbon dioxide and water.Aerobic respiration provides more energy and is necessary for the yeast to reproduce |
| What is the energy source for yeast in beer making? | The Carbs (Starch) in the barley. This is called malting. |
| What is the energy source for yeast in wine making? | The natural sugars in the grapes. |
| What 3 steps make yoghurt? | 1) A Starter culture of bacteria are added to warm milk. 2) Bacteria ferment the milk sugar (Lactose) and produce lactic acid. 3} The lactic acid causes the milk to clot and solidify into yoghurt. |
| What 4 things do industrial fermenters usually have? | 1) An air supply 2) A Stirrer to maintain the temperature and to keep the microorganisms in suspension. 3) A Water Jacket to remove heat produced by their respiration. 4) Instruments to monitor temperature and pH. |
| Penicillin is made from what bacteria? | Penicillium, it starts to make penicillin after most of the nutrients it has have been used up. |
| What fungus makes mycoprotein? | Fusarium. It is grown with starch in aerobic conditions. |
| What can be made from aerobic fermentation of a wide range of plant products or waste material containing carbohydrates. | Biogas, or methane. |
| Would waste from sewage works, or sugar factories ever be used in a biogas generator? | Yes, but only industrially. |
| What can be produced by the anaerobic fermentation of sugar cane juices and from glucose derived from maize starch by the action of carbohydrase? | Ethanol-based fuels |
| What 3 things help to keep petri dishes sterile? | - Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised before use. − seterlised inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms − The lid of the Petri dish should be taped down to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture. |
| In school, why is a maximum temperature of 25C recommended for incubating petri dishes? | As it greatly reduces the chance of pathogens forming. |
| In industry, why are temperatures over 25C used? | To promote faster growth. |
| Apart from faster blood flow, what happens with faster bloodflow? | Oxygen and Glucose reach the muscles faster, and CO2 is removed at a faster rate. |
| During excercise, what stores are used? | Glycogen. |
| After long periods of exercise, what happpens to the muscles? | They fatigue and become less efficient. |
| Why is anaerobic respiration worse than aerobic respiration? | It is much less efficient and it creates an oxygen debt, which has to be reduced later on. |
| How does a healthy kidney produce urine? (5 Steps) | 1) It filters the blood 2) It reabsorbs ALL the sugar 3) It reabsorbs all of the ions required by the body 4) It reabsorbs as much water as needed 5) It releases the urea, excess ions and water as urine. |
| True or false: Sugar and Dissolved ions can be absorbed against the concentration gradient. | True. |
| Is dialysis fluid more/the same/less concenrated than the blood? | The same concetration, to allow excess ions and water to be removed. |
Created by:
DHSBBen
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