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MicroBiology Chp 1
MicroBiology Chapter One Prof Venuti
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most microorganisms are not harmful and play a vital role in maintaining our global environment in the following FIVE ways: | 1.Decompose organic waste 2.Are PRODUCERS in the ecosystem by photosynthesis 3.Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone 4.Produce fermented food ie:vinegar,cheese, and bread 5Produce products used in manufacturing and treatment |
| Naming and Classifying Microorganisms is Called and was established by: | The system of naming (nomenclature) we now use was established by Carolus Linnaeus |
| Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names, what are they? | The genus, the first name, is always capitalized, and the specific epithet (species),which follows, is not capitalized.The scientific names are always either italicized or underlined |
| The Three Domains are? | Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
| Name Archaea: Cell type, Cell wall and Antibiotic Senstivity: | Prokaryote, Varies in composition; Contains no peptidoglycan, No Antibiotic Sensitivity |
| Name Bacteria: Cell type, Cell wall and Antibiotic Senstivity: | Prokaryote, Contains peptidoglycan, Yes antibiotic sensitive |
| Name Eukarya: Cell type, Cell wall and Antibiotic Senstivity: | Eukaryote, Varies in composition; Contains carbohydrates, No Antibiotic Sensitivity |
| Name the Five Kingdoms | 1. Prokaryotes 2. Fungi 3. Protists (protozoa) 4. Plants 5. Animals |
| Name Two Cell Types, Nucleus Yes or No? | 1. Prokaryotic Cells have NO true nucleus or nuclear membrane. 2. Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane. |
| Describe Bacteria | a. Unicellular prokaryotes (genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane) b. Many shapes: cocci (spherical), bacilli(rodlike), and spiral c. Motile or Nonmotile d. Reproduce by:Binary Fission e. Peptidoglyan incell wall f. Diverse nutrition |
| Describe Archaea: | a. Prokaryotes b. Lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments c. Include methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles d. unusual metabolisms high temps, salt envir. and methane |
| Describe Fungi: | a. Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes b. Chitin in their cell wall c. Include molds(multicellular,lots of filaments), mushroom, and yeast(unicellular reproduce by budding) d. Obtain nutrients through special structures (hyphae) |
| Describe Protists or Protozoa: | a. Unicellular eukaryotes b. Classified by locomotion using pseudopods, flagella or cilia c. Include amoeba, paramecium d. Obtain nutrients by ingesting other organisms or dead organic material-phagocytosis, pinocytosis e. reproduce asexuallyorsexuall |
| Describe Algae: | a. Unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes b. Cellulose in their cell wall c. uses Photosynthesis for energy d. Produce Molecular oxygen ans organic compounds |
| Describe Viruses: | a. Noncellular; obligate intracellular parasites b. EITHER DNA or RNA core (never both) surrounded by a protein coat.(sometimes this coat is encased in an additional layer called an envelope). |
| Describe Multicellular Animal Parasites: | a.Eukaryote B. Multicellular Animals c.Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called Heminths |
| Robert Hooke is known for: | Cell Theory: All living things are composed of boxes or cells. |
| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is known for: | Observed LIVE MICROBES with a simple magnifying lens First to see live microbes |
| Francesco Redi is known for: | Debate over Spontaneous Generation Maggots/Meat in 6 jars experiment. |
| John Needham is known for: | Debate over Spontaneous Generation Found that after he heated nutrient broths - cooled solutions contained microbes |
| Lazzaro Spallanzani is known for: | Debate over Spontaneous Generation Suggested that Needhams results were due to microbes in the air entering the broth |
| Rudolf Virchow is known for: | Hypothesis of Biogenesis: Living things only arise from living cells |
| Louis Pasteur is known for: | a. Disproved Spontaneous generation b. S-shape flask trapped airborne microbes c. Pasteurization (prevention of microbe contamination) d. Fermentation (conversion of sugar to alcohol) |
| The Germ Theory of Disease states: (and who proved it?) | That a specific microbe can invade other organisms and causes a specific disease. Proved by Robert Koch |
| Joseph Lister is known for: | He applied phenol or carbonic acid disinfectant to surgical dressings. |
| Ignaz Semmelweis is known for: | He showed the importance of handwashing to reduce puerperal (childbirth fever) infections. |
| Robert Koch in 1876 demonstrated that certain bacteria in the blood of cattle that had died of __________________ were the cause of death. | Bacillus anthrcis, or anthrax |
| Define Koch's FOUR Postulates | 1.The SAME path mustbe isolated in every case of disease. 2.The path mustbe isolatd from animal+grown in PURE culture. 3.The path must CAUSE the disease when inoculatd in healthy animal 4.The path mustbe isolatd from animal+mustbe the ORIGINAL organism |
| Edward Jenner is known for: | Developed smallpox vaccine from cowpox |
| Chemotherapy is defined as: | treatment with chemicals Synethetic drugs or antibiotics are used to treat infectious diseases |
| Paul Ehrlich is known for: | Creating Salvarsan (the magic bullet) to treat syphillis or Treponema pallidum (had arsenic in it) |
| Alexander Fleming is known for: | Discovery of pennicillin |
| Name Six Modern Developments in Microbiology | A. Bacteriology B. Mycology C. Parasitology D. Immunology E. Virology F. Recombinant DNA Technology |
| Define Bacteriology: | The study of bacteria |
| Define Mycology: | The study of fungi. |
| Antibiotics are: | chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill bacteria. |
| Define Parasitology: | Study of Protozoa and Parasitic worms |
| Define Immunology: | The study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons to prevent and cure viral diseases. Use immunology to identify some bacteria (looks at antigens and antibodies) |
| Define Virology: | The study of viruses. |
| Paul Berg is known for: | Inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and bacteria made an animal protein |
| Microbial Ecology is: | The relationship of microbes to the environment. Microbes are decomposers of dead plants and animals. Bacteria recycle vital elements and nutrients Nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen cycle Sewage treatment |
| Rebecca Lancefield is known for: | Classified Streptococci according to serotypes based on cell walls of bacteria. |
| Define Bioremediation: | Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury. |
| Define Biological Insecticide: | Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission. |
| How do Modern Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering use microbes? | Biotechnology, uses microbes to produce foods and chemicals. using Genetic engineering bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from freezing and insects. |
| Define EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (EID): | New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence. |
| Name at least two EIDs: | A. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies B. Diarrhea (E. coli 0157:H7) C. Invasive Group A Streptococcus D. Cryptosporidium E. Avian Influenza A (H5N1) F. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
| What is a Prion? | Protein that causes infections |
| What is resistance? | The ability of the body to ward off disease. -resistance factors include skin, stomach acid (ph 1 or 2) and antimicrobial chemicals (Interferon against viral and Complement system) |
| What is a Pathogen? | Disease causing organism |
| What is a Susceptible Host? | An organism in which the pathogen causes disease |
| List 3 practical applications of microbiology in human lives. | 1.Using microbes as pesticides 2.Using microbes to clean up toxic substances in the environment (bioremediation) 3.Using microbes to produce food and chemicals |
| Describe the Bacteria Domain: | Bacteria domain include may nonpathogenic prokaryotes as well as pathogens and photoautotrophic bacteria. All these organisms are unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls. They reproduce by binary fission. |
| Describe the Archaea domain: | Archaea domain includes prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan cell walls; they live in extreme environments. |
| Decribe the Eukarya domain: | Eukarya domain contains eukaryotes such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists. These organisms have a true nucleus |
| Discuss the differences between the algae and the fungi: | Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes that contain cellulose in their cell walls. Fungi are eukaryotes that are not photosynthetic and they contain chitin in their cell walls. |
| Discuss the differences between bacteria and fungi: | Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that lack a nucleus and possess peptidoglycan cell walls. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes with a true nucleus; they have chitin in their cell walls. |
| Discuss the differences between bacteria and viruses: | Bacteria reproduce by binary fission while fungi reproduce by spores. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes while viruses are not cellular. Viruses are intracellular parasites. |
| Distinguish between normal microbiota and pathogens | Normal microbiota or normal flora are the variety of microbes present in and on the human body without normally causing disease. Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms. |
| Describe distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotes. | Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus. They contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They reproduce by binary fission |
| Who was the first to see microrganisms | Anton von Leeuwenhoek |
| Who disproved spontaneous generation and proved biogenesis. He also developed pasteurization and discovered the process of fermentation. | Louis Pasteur |
| Who proved the Germ Theory of Disease. | Robert Koch |
| Who introduced handwashing to prevent child birth fever? | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Who developed the smallpox vaccine? | Edward Jenner |
| Who applied phenol disinfectant to surgical dressing? | Joseph Lister |
| Who discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic? | Alexander Fleming |
| Name the genus of the bacteria that Barry Marshall suggested as the cause of gastric ulcers in 1981. | Helicobacter pylori |
| Invasive Group A Streptococcus causes: | Flesh eating - extensive tissue damage |
| The leading cause of Diarrhea world wide is: | E. Coli O157:H7 |
| Define Aseptic: | Techniques that keep areas free of unwanted microbes. |
Created by:
KMBERLE
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