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A.P. Biology Ch. 25
The History of Life on Earth
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Macroevolution | The pattern of evolution over large time scales, including photosynthesis, the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, and the impact of mass extinction. |
| How was life first formed on Earth? | The abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules; the joining of the particles to form macromolecules; the packaging of the macromolecules into protobionts; the origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible. |
| What was the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis? | Earth's early atmosphere was a reducing environment, in which organic compounds could have formed from simple molecules. |
| Protobiont | A collection of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure, which exhibits the properties of life, including reproduction, metabolism, and homeostasis. |
| Ribozyme | An RNA catalyst, which made complementary copies of short RNA pieces, when it was supplied with nucleotide building blocks. |
| Radiometric Dating | A common technique for dating fossils, which is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes expressed through half-lives. |
| What is the order of mammalian evolution? | Early tetrapods, synapsids, therapsids, early cynodonts, later cynodonts, and very late cynodonts. |
| Geologic Record | The history of the Earth, which is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. |
| What are the three eons from earliest to latest? | Archaean, proterozoic, phanerozoic. |
| What are the three eras from earliest to latest? | Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic. |
| What are the twelve periods from earliest to latest? | Ediacaran, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, and Neogene. |
| What are the seven epochs from earliest to latest? | Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. |
| Endosymbiosis | A model explaining how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes, which contests that the mitochondria and plastids were small prokaryotes living within larger cells, after being consumed with food. |
| Endosymbiont | A cell that lives within another cell. |
| Host Cell | The cell that hosts the endosymbiont. |
| Serial Endosymbiosis | A model of eukaryotic evolution from prokaryotes, which suggests that the mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events. |
| What is the model for serial endosymbiosis? | An ancestral prokaryote infolds its plasma membrane to form an endomembrane system, engulfs an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote that develops into a mitochondrion, which becomes an organelle along with the photosynthetic prokaryote that becomes a plastid. |
| What is some of the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids? | The inner membranes have homologous enzymes and transport systems, they replicate similarly to prokaryotes |
| Cambrian Explosion | The rapid appearance of many different phyla, including the first hard-bodied animals, of living animals during the Cambrian period. |
| Continental Drift | The movement of the plates, which lie beneath the continents and cause the continents to move closer or farther from one another. |
| Pangaea | The supercontinent from which all the continents separated and formed. |
| What are the effects of continental drift? | It alters the habitats in which species live, changes the climate of the continent, promotes allopatric speciation, and explains puzzles about geographic distribution of extinct animals. |
| Mass Extinction | When a disruptive, global, environmental change cases the rate of extinction to increase dramatically, causing several species to become extinct throughout the Earth. |
| What are the consequences of mass extinctions? | It reduces an ecological community to a shadow of itself and permanently ends evolutionary lineages. |
| Adaptive Radiation | A period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological niches in their communities, and it often occurs on a large scale following a mass extinction. |
| Heterochrony | An evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events relative to reproductive or non-reproductive organs, which can determine certain aspects of the developing individual. |
| Paedomorphosis | A condition in which reproductive-organ development accelerates compared to other organs, so the sexually mature stage of a species may retain features of the juvenile form of the ancestral species. |
| Homeotic Gene | A master regulatory gene that determines the placement and spatial organization of body parts in a developing organism. |
| Exaptation | A structure that evolves in one context, but becomes co-opted for another function. |
| Species Selection | The model of long-term evolutionary trends proposed by Steven Stanley, which states species that endure the longest and generate the most new offspring species determine the direction of major evolutionary trends. |
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