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Adrenals Bio162
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Another name for the adrenal glands is __. They are located at the level of the __ rib; the location is also called __ and is protective. | suprarenal glands, 12th, retroperitoneal |
| Adrenals are __ in color, due to __ in the form of __ and __. | yellow, stored lipids, cholesterol, fatty acids |
| Adrenals are __ in shape, are highly __, and are encased in a __ surrounded by __. | flattened pyramidal, vascular, fibrous capsule, adipose tissue |
| Two regions of the adrenal glands | cortex and medulla |
| The adrenal cortex has three regions | zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis |
| The zona glomerulosa is the __ zone, comprised of __. It manufactures __, the most major of which is __. | outermost, clusters of round cells, mineralcorticoids, aldosterone |
| The zone fasciculata is the __ zone, comprised of __. It manufactures __, the main one being __. It ZF is the __ zone. | middle, chains of round cells, glucocorticoids, cortisol, widest |
| The zona reticularis is the __ zone, comprised of __. It manufactures __, the main one being __, and __ to a lesser extent. | inner, round cells in branches, gonadocorticoids, testosterone, estrogen |
| The testosterone released from the zona reticularis is __ potent then from the testes. | less |
| The medulla houses __ cells, which are modified __ associated with the __ division of the NS. These cells manufacture and secrete __. | chromaffin, postganglionic neurons, sympathetic, catecholamines |
| Chromaffin cells are associated with __ so that __ (80%) and __ (20%) can be quickly secreted to the __. | blood sinuses, E, NE, blood stream |
| Chromaffin cells are stimulated by the __ nerve, which originates at __ and slips through __. | splanchnic, T9, the celiac ganglion |
| N and E are __ hormones, composed of __. They are __ soluble. | amine, tyrosine, water |
| E is a more potent stimulator of the __ and __. It also increases __(x4) | heart, metabolic activities, heart rate, sweating, resp rate, glycogenolysis |
| NE is more influential on __ and __ | peripheral vasoconstriction, BP |
| A benign tumor of the chromaffin cells is called __, and results in symptoms that resemble __ (x2). The defining feature is __ which is assessed in a __. Treatment (__) results in __. | pheochromocytoma, MI or panic attack, increased VMA (vanyllamendallic acid), urine test, tumor removal, rapid recovery |
| All adrenal hormones are __. | steroids |
| 3 main functions of aldosterone are __. | Na resorption, K excretion, and BP regulation |
| Aldosterone acts on the __ cells of the __ and __ to resorb __. With movement of this mineral, __, __, and __ passively follow. | primary, DCT, collecting ducts, Na, H2O, Cl, HCO3 |
| In addition to Na resorption, __ also acts on __, __, and __ to help conserve H20. | aldosterone, sweat glands, salivary glands, gastric juice glands |
| The 3 controls that regulate aldosterone secretion __ (most important), __ associated w __ release, and __. | renin-angiotensin pathway, stress, ACTH, humerally |
| The R-A pathway is triggered by __ as blood passes through the __; __ cells release __, an __, which then travels to the __ where it combines with __ to form __, an __. | low BP, JGA juxta-glomerular apparatus, juxtaglomerular, renin, enzyme, liver, angiontensinogen, angiotensin I, active enzyme. |
| In the second part of the R-A pathway, __ leaves the liver and travels to the __, where it combines with __, forming the __ __. | angiotensin I, lungs, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme), hormone, Angiotensin II |
| In the final phase of the R-A pathway, __ increases __ (x4), all of which work together to raise __ and __. | Angiotensin II, thirst, ADH secretion, aldosterone secretion, vasoconstriction, blood volume, BP |
| __ is the stress integrator that stimulates __ secretion, which stimulates the __ to release __. Usually it stimulates the __ to release __. | CRH, ACTH, zona glomerulosa, aldosterone, zona fasiculata, cortisol |
| The reason that ACTH stimulates aldosterone release in times of stress is: | increased BP facilitate nutrient delivery and waste removal from cells |
| Humeral control of aldosterone is triggered by __ and __, as well as __. It's inhibited by the inverses, as well as __, which also inhibits __. | decreased Na, increased K, decreased BP, ANF (atrial natriuretic factor), ADH |
| ANF is released in response to __, sensed by __. | increased blood volume in the atria, stretch receptors. |
| _ ANF -> _ ADH, _ aldosterone -> _ BP | inc, dec, dec, dec |
| Primary hyperaldosteroninsm is caused usually by __ and is called __. Secondary is caused by __; how does this cause hyperaldosteronism? | benign adenoma, Conn's syndrome, renal stenosis, narrowed renal blood vessels "trick" JGA to start R-A pathway |
| S/S of hyperaldosteronism | high BP and Na levels, low K, edema, possible cardiac arrest |
| __ is one type of hypoaldosteronism, and is associated with a decrease in both __ and __, aka __ and __. S/S include __(x6) plus __ r/t CRH non-selective stimulation of __ cell to release __. | Addison's disease, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, cortisol, dec Na glucose and BP, inc K, weight loss, cellular dehydration, skin bronzing, corticotroph, MSH. |
| the function of cortisol is to __ by __ to __. | enhance cellular metabolism, increasing glucose levels, combat stress |
| To raise glucose levels, cortisol stimulates __ which uses __ and __ sources to make glucose; it also stimulates __. | gluconeogenesis, adipose, protein, glycogenolysis |
| When cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis, __ breaks down adipose tissue, and __ can result from protein harvesting to make __. | lipolysis, bone and muscle deterioration, enzymes |
| Besides increasing glucose levels, what are some other functions of cortisol? | prevents H2O shift in tissues, depresses immune system activity |
| Cortisol acts as an __ by preventing the release of __ and __ from the cell membrane; additionally, it __ by decreasing __ and __. For this reason, steroid medications are used to treat __ and __ diseases. | anti-inflammatory, histamine, eicosanoids, suppresses immunity, lymphocytic activity, lysosomal enzyme release, inflammatory, autoimmune |
| The cortisol release pathway: __. Besides the most common stimulating factor, __ and __ stimulate cortisol release. | stress > CRH > ACTH > z. fasciculata > cortisol; decreased eating, increase activity |
| CRH stimulation of cortisol release result in __ cortisol levels at night, and __ in the morning | lowest, highest |
| What are some autoimmune/inflammatory disease processes for which cortisol is used? What are some risks of LT steroid use? | allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, wounds, anti-rejection drug for transplant recipients; increased risk of Cushing's disease and infection |
| How long to transplant recipients need to use anti-rejection drugs? | forever |
| The most common cause of Cushing's disease is __, though it may be caused by a tumor of the __ or __. | glucocorticoid drugs, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex |
| S/S of Cushing's are:__. Remember, the cause may be primary or secondary. | hyperglycemia, buffalo hump, rounded abdomen, spindle legs and arms, joint and cartilage deterioration, slow healing and easy bruising, inc BP and Na, decreased K, moon face |
| Gonadocorticoids, released by the __, contribute to the __, including formation of __ and __ between 7 and 13 years of age. | z. reticularis, onset of puberty, axillary, pubic hair |
| __ and __ from the __ and __ is responsible for sexual development | testosterone, estrogen, testes, ovaries |
| __ from the z. reticularis is also responsible for __ in females, and can be converted to __ after __ | testosterone, sex drive, estrogen, menopause |
| A __ tumor of the z. reticularis may have __ effect on males besides __, while it may cause __ in females resulting in the development of __ such as __ | virilizing, no, early sexual development, hirsutism, male physical characteristics, deeper voice, balding, increased musculature, smaller breasts, lengthened clitoris |
| A __ tumor of the z. reticularis results in increased __ release; s/s are __ in females, while males may show __ and __ | feminizing, estrogen, absent, gynocomastia, shrinking gonads |
| __, studied by __, explains how the body handles stress, where a stressor is defined as __. __ is good stress, and __ is bad stress; examples of each type include:__ | GAS (General Adaption Syndrome), Hans Selye, any circumstance that threatens homeostasis, eustress, distress, sex and exercise, psychological and physical stressors |
| The phases of GAS are the __, __, and __. The general goal of the first two phases are to __. In the first phase the __ is initiated; it is a __ solution. During __ stress, the second phase recruits __, __, and __, which cause __, __, and __. | alarm, resistance, exhaustion, increase serum glucose, FFF response, short term, prolonged, CRH, TRH, hGHRH, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lypolysis |
| In the exhaustion phase of stress, exhaustion of __, inability to __ or __ results in __, __, and general __; end result is __ and __ death. | lipid reserves, produce glucocorticoids, maintain elec balance, dec cortisol, dec ATP production, dec glucose, cell, tissue |
Created by:
rakalilla
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