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Although the cardiovascular system has a pump (the heart) and arteries, veins, and capillaries, the lymphatic system lacks two of these structures: the ___ and ___.
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Like the ___ of the cardiovascular system, the vessels of the lymphatic system are equipped with ___ to prevent back flow.
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The Lymphatic Sy$tem
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Although the cardiovascular system has a pump (the heart) and arteries, veins, and capillaries, the lymphatic system lacks two of these structures: the ___ and ___. | Heart (pump) ; Arteries |
| Like the ___ of the cardiovascular system, the vessels of the lymphatic system are equipped with ___ to prevent back flow. | Veins ; Valves |
| The lymphatic vessels act primarily to pick up leaked fluid, no called ___, and return it to the bloodstream. | Lymph |
| About ___ of fluid is returned every 24 hours. | 3 Liters |
| Describe the protective role of cilia in the respiratory tract. | It draws the mucus with trapped pathogens away from the lungs to the throat where it can be coughed out or swallowed. |
| Define: Phagocytic. | The engulfing of foreign solids by phagocytic cells. |
| Which phrases correctly describe the role of fever in body protection? 1 Is a normal response to pyrogens 2 Protects by denaturing tissue proteins 3 Reduces the availability of iron and zinc required for bacterial proliferation 4 Increases metabolic | 1,3,4 |
| Accounts for redness and heat in an inflamed area | Increased blood flow to an area |
| Inflammatory chemical released by injured cells | Histamine |
| Promote release of white blood cells from the bone marrow | Inflammatory chemicals |
| Cellular migration directed by a chemical gradient | Chemotaxis |
| Results from accumulation of fluid leaked from the bloodstream | Edema |
| Phagocytic offspring of monocytes | Macrophages |
| Leukocytes pass through the wall of a capillary | Diapedesis |
| First phagocytes to migrate into the injured area | Neutrophils |
| Walls off the area of injury | Fibrin mesh |
| Complement is a system of plasma ___ that circulate in the blood in an inactive form. | Proteins |
| Complement is ___ when it becomes attached to the surface of foreign cells. | Activated |
| One result of this complement fixation is that ___ appear in the membrane of the foreign cell. | Holes |
| This allows ___ to rush in, which causes ___ of the foreign cell. | Water ; Lysis |
| Some of the chemicals released during complement fixation enhance phagocytosis. This is called ____. | Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) |
| Describe the event that leads to the synthesis of interferon and the result of its synthesis. | Viral infection initiates production of interferon. Released interferon signals neighboring cells to prepare to prevent reproduction of the virus. |
| Antigens are substances capable of mobilizing the ___. | Adaptive Defenses |
| Of all the foreign molecules that act as complete antigens, ___ are the most potent. | Proteins |
| Small molecules are not usually antigenic, but when they bind to self-cell surface proteins they may act as ____, and then the complex is recognized as foreign, or _____. | Hapten ; Non self |
| Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances, or ____ in the body. | Antigens |
| When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, the immunity is called ___. | Humoral Immunity |
| When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is referred to as _____. | Cellular Immunity |
| The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the ___ and the ____. | B cells ; T cells |
| Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are the ___. | Macrophages |
| Because pathogens are likely to use both ____ and ____ as a means of getting around the body, ___ and other lymphatic tissues are in an excellent position to detect their presence. | Blood ; Lymph ; Lymph Nodes |
| What signifies that a lymphocyte has become immunocompetent? | When it becomes able to recognize and bind to its antigen. |
| During what period of life does immunocompetence develop? | Fetal life |
| What determines which antigen a particular T or B cell will be able to recognize? | Its genes |
| What triggers the process of clonal selection in a T or B cell? | Bind to 'its' antigen |
| During development of immunocompetence, the ability to tolerate _____ must occur if the immune system is to function normally. | Self-antigens |
| Which portion of the antibody -V or C- is its antigen-binding site? | V region |
| Which portion acts to determine antibody class and specific function? | C region |
| Which antibody class is bound the the surface of a B cell? | IgD |
| Which antibody class crosses the placenta? | IgG |
| Which antibody class is the first antibody released during the primary response? | IgM |
| Which two antibody classes fix complement? | IgG ; IgM |
| Which antibody class is a pentamer? | IgM |
| Which antibody class is the most abundant antibody found in blood plasma and the chief antibody released during secondary responses? | IgG |
| Which antibody class binds to the surface of mast cells and mediates an allergic response? | IgE |
| Which antibody class is predominant and found in mucus, saliva, and tears? | IgA |
| Antibodies can inactivate antigens in various ways, depending on the nature of the ___. | Antigen |
| ___ is the chief ammunition used against cellular antigens such as bacteria and mismatched red blood cells. | Complement fixation |
| The binding of antibodies to sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses that can cause cell injury is called ___. | Neutralization |
| The cross-linking of cellular antigens into large lattices by antibodies is called ___; Ig___ with its 10 antigen binding sites is particularly efficient in this mechanism. | Agglutination; M |
| When molecules are cross-linked into lattices by antibodies, the mechanism is more properly called ____. | Precipitation |
| In virtually all these cases, the protective mechanism mounted by the antibodies serves to disarm and/or mobilize the antigens until they can be disposed of by ____. | Phagocytes |
| Active or Passive Immunity: An individual receives Sabin polio vaccine. | Active |
| Active or Passive Immunity: Antibodies migrate through a pregnant woman's placenta into the vascular system of her fetus. | Passive |
| Active or Passive Immunity: A student nurse receives an injection of gamma globulin after she has been exposed to viral hepatitis. | Passive |
| Active or Passive Immunity: "Borrowed" immunity. | Passive |
| Active or Passive Immunity: Immunologic memory is provided. | Active |
| Active or Passive Immunity: An individual suffers through chickenpox. | Active |
| Primary or Secondary Immune Response: The initial response to an antigen; gearing-up stage | Primary |
| Primary or Secondary Immune Response: A lag period of several days occurs before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream | Primary |
| Primary or Secondary Immune Response: Antibody levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period | Secondary |
| Primary or Secondary Immune Response: Immunologic memory is established | Primary |
| Primary or Secondary Immune Response: The second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen | Secondary |
| Which T cell binds with and releases chemicals that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages? | Helper T cell |
| Which T cell is activated by recognizing both its antigen and a self-protein presented on the surface of a macrophage? | Helper T cell |
| Which T cell turns off the immune response when the "enemy" has been routed? | Regulatory T cell |
| Which T cell directly attacks and lyses cellular pathogens? | Cytoxic T cell |
| Which T cell initiates a secondary response to a recognized antigen? | Memory T cell |
| A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps to protect other body cells from viral multiplication. | Interferon |
| Any type of molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing. | Chemotaxis factors |
| Proteins released by plasma cells that mark antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement | Antibodies |
| A consequence of the release of histamine and of complement activation | Inflammation |
| Chemotaxis factors and Interferon are examples of this class of molecules. | Cytokines |
| A group of plasma proteins that amplifies the immune response by causing lysis of cellular pathogens once it has been "fixed" to their surface | Complement |
| Class of chemicals released by macrophages | Cytokines |
| Assuming that autographs and isografts are not possible, what is the next most successful graft type and what is its source? | Allograft ; an unrelated person |
| What two cell types are important in rejection phenomena? | Killer T cells ; Macrophages |
| Why are immunosuppressive drugs (or therapy) provided after transplant surgery, and what is the major shortcoming of this therapy? | To prevent rejection of foreign organs. It makes the patient vulnerable to infection by bacteria and viruses. |
| AIDS and SCID are what type of immunity disorder? | Immunodeficiency |
| The immune system mounts an extraordinarily vigorous response to an otherwise harmless antigen is what kind of immunity disorder? | Allergy / Hypersensitivity |
| A hypersensitivity reaction is what kind of immunity disorder? | Allergy / Hypersensitivity |
| What type of immunity disorder occurs when the production or activity of immune cells or complement is abnormal? | Immunodeficiency |
| What immunity disorder occurs when affected individuals are unable to combat infections that would present no problem for normally healthy people? | Immunodeficiency |
| The body's own immune system produces the disorder; a breakdown of self-tolerance - what type of immunity disorder? | Autoimmune disease |
| Multiple sclerosis and rheumatic fever is what type of immunity disorder? | Autoimmune disease |
| Hay fever and contact dermatitis is what type of immunity disorder? | Allergy / Hypersensitivity |
| Typical symptoms of the acute response are tearing, a runny nose, and itchy skin all deal with what type of immunity disorder? | Allergy / Hypersensitivity |
| Lymphatic vessels that "bud" from developing ___ are visible by the fifth week of development. | veins |
| The first lymphoid organs to appear are the ___ and the ___. | Thymus Gland ; Lymph Node |
| Most other lymphoid organs are poorly formed before birth; their development is believed to be controlled by the thymic hormone _____. | Plasma cell. |
| The earliest lymphocyte stem cells that can be identified appear during the first month of development in the fetal ___. | Antibodies |
| Shortly thereafter, bone marrow becomes the lymphatic origin site; but after birth, lymphocyte proliferation occurs in the ___. | Macrophage |
| The development of immunocompetence has usually been accomplished by ___. | Antigens |
Created by:
Bex28
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