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Micro Lecture Ch1
(test 2/21)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbes/Microorganisms | minute licing things that individually are too small to be seen by the naked eye (Ex: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses) |
| Benefits of Microbes | Decomposers (organic waste), Producers (photosynthesis), Industrial Chemicals (acetone), Manufacturing (cellulase), Medical Treatment (penicillin & insulin); Fermented Foods (vinegar,cheese,bread,beer,wine) |
| How Microbes Effect our Lives: | Maintain balance in living organisms, marine microbes are the basis of food chain, Aid in Digestion, Produce enzymes |
| Harmful Effects of Microbes: | Pathogenic, Cause Food Spoilage, Damage non-living materials (tooth decay, corrosion, rot, surface fouling, textile damage) |
| Pathogen | disease producing |
| Scientific Nomenclature | NAMING; Genus/species(specific epithet); either italicized or underlined; "Latinized"; come from description or scientist name |
| Classification | Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species (Dumb King Phillip Crossed Over Four Green Seas) |
| 3 Domains of Living Things: | 1. Bacteria; 2. Archaea; 3. Eukarya |
| Bacteria | Single Celled; PROKARYOTES; cell walls- PEPTIDOGLYCAN; divide by BINARY FISSION |
| Archaea | found in EXTREME environments; PROKARYOTES; cell walls IF present LACK peptidoglycan (Methanogens- produce methane as waste, Halophiles- "salt loving", Thermophiles- "heat loving" |
| Eukarya | EUKARYOTES: distinct cell NUCLEUS containing DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane (protists, fungi, plants, animals) |
| Prokaryotes | without nucleus |
| Fungi | EUKARYOTES; cells walls contain CHITIN; Unicellular (yeast) vs Multicellular (molds/mushrooms) |
| Protozoa | EUKARYOTES; "animal-like" protists; absorb/ingest organic chemicals; mobile |
| Algae | EUKARYOTES; "plant-like" protists; cell walls contain CELLULOSE; photosynthesis=energy source; produce oxygen |
| Helminths | parisitic flatworms & roundworms |
| Viruses | NON-LIVING; acellular; contain fragments of DNA&RNA; core has protein coat ENCLOSED in lipid envelope; ONLY reproduce within a LIVING cell |
| Cell Theory | all living things are composed of cells & come from prexisting cells |
| Spontaneous Generation | some forms of life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter |
| Biogenesis | living cells can ONLY arise from other living things/cells |
| Germ Theory of Disease | microbes might cause disease |
| Immunity | protection from disease provided by vaccination |
| Resistance | |
| Aeptic Technique | prevent contamination by unwanted microbes |
| Fermentation | conversion of sugars to alcohol in absense of air (ex:yeast) |
| Pasteurization | reduce spoilage & kill potentially harmful bacteria |
| Infectious Disease | disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host |
| Emerging Infectious Disease | # of new disease, new or changing and are increasing or have the potential to increase in incidence in the near future |
| Hooke (1665) | all living things have cells; compound microscope (cells theory) |
| Van Leeuwenhoek (1673) | 1st observed LIVE microorganisms |
| Redi (1668) | opposed spontaneous generation; maggots DO NOT form from decaying meat (6 jars of decaying meat) |
| Needham (1745) | agreed with spontaneous generation; (boiled broth,covered flask,had growth) |
| Spallazani (1765) | proved Needham wrong; SEALED flask= NO microbes |
| Virchow (1858) | Biogenesis; cells arise from living cells ONLY |
| Pasteur (1861) | believed microbes present in air can contaminate sterile solution, microbial life can be destroyed by heat; S-shaped flasks kept microbes OUT but let air IN; hired to prevent food spoilage |
| Koch(1876) | believed specific microbes CAUSE specific diseases (anthrax outbreak) |
| Other scientists (not on study guide) | Jenner(1796)- invented vaccinations; Lister(1860's)- chemical disinfectants & listerine; Fleming(1928)- 1st antibiotic, Penicillin |
| Chemotherapy | treatment of disease using chemical substance |
| Synthetic Drugs | agents prepared in lab from chemicals |
| Antibiotics | chemicals produced naturally by fungi or bacteria to act against other microbes |
| Bacteriology | study of bacteria |
| Mycology | study of fungi |
| Parisitology | study of protozoa & parisitic worms |
| Virology | study of viruses |
| Genomics | study of all of an organisms genes |
| Recombinant DNA | fragments of human/animal DNA that code for important proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA. HYBRID can make large #'s of desired protein |
| Genetic Engineering | technology developed from recombinant DNA |
| Microbial Genetics | study of the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits |
| Molecular Biology | specifically study how genetic info is carried in DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of protein |
| Microbial Ecology | study of the relationship between microbes and environment |
| Bioremediation | "using microbes to clearn up pollutants"; chemical spills/toxic waste sites/oil spills |
| Biotechnology | commercial use of microorganisms to produce some common foods & chemicals (Ex:wine) |
| Gene Therapy | outcome of recombinant DNA = inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells |
| Normal Microbiota | "FLORA"; from birth to death; do us no harm; some can benefit us (produce vitamin K&B) |
Created by:
kwright0005
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