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Geo 1 Exam 1
first geo 1 exam
Question | Answer |
---|---|
heliocentric | everything revolves around the sun |
geocentric | everything revolves around the earth |
nebula | nuclear clouds flatten and rotate |
supernova | when H+He in star run out, and explosion causes formation of other 92 elements |
red shift/blue shift | when light source is moving, farther distances cause wavelengths to lengthen and become red-shifted, opposite for blue shifted |
solar wing | |
hypothesis vs. theory vs. law | offered explanation of observations vs. when hypo withstands tests and accurately predicts future observations vs. no sensible challenge and is often summarized in mathematical relationship |
Earth's Crush | silic and mafic, top layer |
Moho | the boundary between the Earth's crust and the underlying mantle |
mantle | iron alloys, allows plate tectonics |
outer core | below mantle |
inner core | idk |
magma | ugh |
lava | ugh |
polar wander | poles are not exactly at north and south |
pangaea | when all continents were combined in jurrassic era 1xx to 65 million years ago. |
geographic pole vs. magnetic pole | top & bottom vs. positive & negative |
marine magnetic anomaly | switching of magnetic poles in layers of rocks |
passive vs. active margin | where continent edge is hitting edge of oceanic plate vs. continent edges not hitting other oceanic plates |
lithosphere | brittle part of mantle |
asthenosphere | ductile part of mantly |
sheeted dikes | layers of lava emerging that freezed fsat |
pillow lavas | extrusion of lava underwater |
black smoker | channels of super heated water send back into ocean due to lava flow |
mid-ocean ride | |
ophiolite | sea crust on continental crust |
submarine trench | |
divergent boundary | away |
convergent boundary | towards |
transform boundary (transform fault) | next |
fracture zone | transform thingies |
intra-plate hot spot | |
uniformitarianism | |
baked contact | when lava heats up rock aorund it |
original continuity | |
lithologic correlation | |
fossil correlation | |
uncomformity | |
blocking temperature | |
Aristotle | 300 BC concluded earth was round |
Copernicus | |
Darwin | 1800s naturalist, "On the Origin of Species", FATHER OF EVOLUTION |
Eratosthenes | 200-100 BC measured the size of the earth |
Galileo | 1600s saw jupiters moons, favored helio-centric view |
Hess | 1900 proposed seafloor spreading |
Holmes | 1800-1900 proposed convections cells in mantle, which allows plates to move |
Hubble | 1900 discovered light from other galaxies, "redshift meant galaxies were moving away from us |
Hutton | |
Lamarck | 1700s-1800s identified lines of descent, assumed new structures arose out of need, |
Linnaeus | 1700's organized living things, father of taxonomy, devised 7-part hierarchy and two part naming system |
Ptolemy | 87-150 AD proponent of geocentric view |
Leavitt | 1900s determined relative brightness of known stars can tell us distance to stars that are even farther away |
Newton | Added mathematical proof to explain motions of planets and stationary sun |
SMith | late 1700s to early 1800s made first geologic map, observed that separate rock units could be correlated by fossils they contain |
Steno | father of stratigraphy; |
Wallace | |
Watson+Crick | discovered DNA mid 1900s |
Wegner | 1800-1900 proposed plate tectonics and pangaea |
Age of Universe | 14 billion years ago |
Age of Sun | 4.5 Billion years old |
Age of Earth | 4.5 Billion years old |
Age of oldest rocks | 4.4 Billion years old |
Age of oldest ocean crust | 200 million years old |
radius of Earth, km | 6,378 km |
highest mountain, m deepest trench, m | Mount Everest; 8,848 m Mariana Trench; 10,910 m |
rates of seafloor spreading, cm/yr | |
origin of Sun | nuclear dust swirled together and H+He fuse to form elements up to Fe |
origin of earth+moon | earlier supernovae explosions, Plane tesinals combined to become earth, one hit larger earth, became dust that swirled into moon |
origin of 2 primary earth elevations | |
cause of ocean | |
cause of atmosphere | |
origin of magnetic field | |
cause of marine magnetic anomalies | switching magnetic poles |
cause of hot spot volcanism | |
cause of variation in species | certain conditions allow certain traits to keep animals alive, which allows them to breed more than the ones with other traits |
composition of atmosphere | oxygen, nitrogen, carbon |
composition of whole Earth | |
composition of crust | silica rish, with basaltic and granitic crusts |
composition of mantle | (very high in iron and magnesium) |
composition of Earth's Inner Core | iron-nickel alloy |
composition of Earth's outer core | iron and nickel |
compare/contrast; cont. crust/ocean crust | silic (light and light colored) vs. mafic(heavy and dark colored) |
compare/contrast; crust/mantle | silic and mafic vs. ultramafic |
compare/contrast; lithosphere/asthenosphere | lithosphere; surface, cooler, more brittle, divided into tectonic plates, contains heavy oceanic basalt and lighter continental rock asthenosphere; deeper, hotter, high pressure and is solid, but flows |
compare/contrast; intelligent design/natural selection | |
name and locate examples of; convergent ocean-ocean | Mariana trench |
name and locate examples of; convergent ocean-continenet | left side of south america |
name and locate examples of; convergent continent-continent | India |
name and locate examples of; transform ocean-ocean | |
name and locate examples of; transform continent-continent | san andreas fault |
name and locate examples of; divergent plate boundaries | Atlantic Ocean |
how do we determine; distance to stars | relative brightness, parallax and distance |
how do we determine; depth of ocean | sonographs |
how do we determine; age of ocean crust | magnetism |
how do we determine; relative age of rock formations | superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships |
how do we determine; absolute age of rocks | carbon dating, half lifes |
darwin's groundbreaking principles | >More offspring are produced than can survive to maturity >variations in form + function exist among offspring >organisms must compete for resources and mate >survival of the fittest! >variations that favor success are passed down |