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2: Cells and Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acidosis | lowered pH of tissues caused as cells accumulate lactic acid when oxygen is not available for respiration, inducing fatigue, decreased ability to function, and ultimately death |
| actin | a protein found in cell filaments that mediates muscle contraction, cell movement, and maintains cell shape |
| active transport | movement of substances across the plasma membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient by consuming energy (ATP) |
| anaerobic glycolysis | process by which food, in the absence of oxygen, is broken down outside the mitochondria into 3 carbon fragments. This less efficient ATP-producing process produces lactic acid which accumulates in cells causing acidosis |
| ATP | an energy storing molecule produced by mitochondria |
| autocrine | processes or substances produced by cells that act back on the cells themselves |
| basement membrane | that portion of the extracellular matrix that binds epithelial tissues to supporting connective tissues |
| cell cycle | the complete sequence of events that occur from one cell division to the next |
| cell junctions | modified points of contact on the plasma membranes of cells that serve specialized functions |
| cell signaling | the process of cell-to-cell communication mediated by signaling molecules and membrane receptors |
| cellular respiration | the processes by which cells transfer oxygen from food thereby producing water, carbon dioxide, and ATP that stored as an energy source |
| competitive inhibition | decreased facilitated transport of substances that results from selective binding of transport receptors by other substances |
| connective tissue | specialized tissue that holds skin and organs together and in place |
| cytokines | regulatory proteins produced by cells, principally cells of the immune system, that activate other cells to replicate and/or perform other functions |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells during mitosis |
| cytoplasm | the organized complex of organic and inorganic intracellular substances inside the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus that includes the cell fluid or cytosol and organelles |
| cytoskeleton | the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement |
| depolarization | neutralization of the resting membrane potential caused by an influx of sodium ions into the cell associated with the propagation of electrical signals from cell-to-cell |
| desmosomes | cell junctions that bind cells and their cytoskeletons together to brace tissues and give the body form |
| endocytosis | processes by which cells internalize external substances by engulfing them and moving them into their cytoplasm in vesicles |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | a complex web of cytoplasmic membranes for transporting substances between the nucleus, other organelles, and the plasma membrane |
| epithelium | tissue that covers the internal and external surfaces of the body, enclosing it and regulating the movement of external substances in and out |
| eukaryotes | higher animals and plants with cells that have a nucleus as well as other membrane-bound intracellular compartments |
| exocytosis | process by which cells expel substances out of the cytoplasm into their surroundings by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | a complex mixture of non-living material including proteins and carbohydrates that surround living cells and tissues providing protection and support |
| facilitated transport | passive mediated transport |
| fibroblasts | connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin |
| G1 | the first "gap" phase of the cell cycle where there is no replication occurring. Terminally differentiated cells such as nerve cells permanently exist in this phase. |
| G2 | The second "gap" phase of the cell cycle that follows DNA synthesis when RNA and proteins are produced preceding M or mitosis |
| gap junctions | cell junctions that allow ions and other small molecules to flow between cells mediating processes such as cell-to-cell depolarization |
| Golgi complex | an organelle composed of layers of membranes and vesicles that modifies the structure of proteins |
| histones | water soluble proteins that complex with and stabilize DNA |
| hormones | molecules either produced by cells or chemically synthesized that circulate in the blood stream and alter replication and/or function of distant cells through cell signaling |
| integrens | glycoproteins that span across cell membranes and anchor tissue to the extracellular matrix |
| interphase | all other stages of the cell cycle other than M or mitosis |
| lysosomes | specialized vesicles containing enzymes that digest substances |
| M | the phase during the cell cycle when mitosis occurs, usually lasting approximately one hour |
| mediated transport | movement of substances across the plasma membrane either actively or passively that is mediated exclusively by protein transport receptors |
| metastases | transfer of any disease causing agent from one part of the body to another associated with the development of the same pathologic changes in the new location |
| mitochondria | the organelle containing respiratory enzymes that conduct cellular respiration by a process called oxidative phosphorylation |
| mitosis | nuclear and chromosomal splitting during cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells with essentially the same genetic complement as the parent cell |
| motor nerves | specialized nerve cells that cause contraction of adjacent muscle cells during depolarization |
| muscle | specialized tissue that provides movement necessary for body function |
| myosin | a globular muscle protein that can consume ATP and reversibly interact with actin to cause cellular contraction by forming a complex called actomyosin |
| nerve tissue | specialized tissue that transmits electrical signals throughout the body |
| neurohormones | hormones produced by specialized nerve cells |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals released by depolarized nerve cells into synapses that induce depolarization of cells downstream |
| nucleolus | the spherical body within the nucleus that mediates ribosome assembly |
| nucleus | the largest organelle in eukaryotes containing chromosomes and the nucleolus that directs cell division, cell function, and protein synthesis |
| organ systems | groups of organs that work together to perform a specific body function such as digestion, excretion, circulation, reproduction, etc. |
| organelle | any cytoplasmic compartment surrounded by an internal membrane that performs a specific life function such as protein syntheses, oxidative phosphorylation, digestion of foreign particles, etc. |
| organs | aggregates of tissues that perform a particular body function such as digestion, hormone production, excretion, circulation, etc. |
| oxidative phosphorylation | a complex chemical process that occurs on the surface of mitochondria converting food substrates into simpler molecules and storing energy in the form of ATP |
| paracrine | processes or substances produced by cells that act on adjacent cells |
| passive transport | movement of small, non-charged, lipid-soluble substances across the plasma membrane using physical forces without energy consumption |
| phagocytosis | a specialized form of endocytosis usually performed by white blood cells used to remove and digest foreign materials such as bacteria and tissue debris |
| plasma membrane | the semipermiable layer around cells; composed of inner and outer surfaces of protein surrounding a third layer of lipid that is usually covered with indentations and projections |
| prokaryotes | organisms such as bacteria and some algae that have cells lacking a nucleus. |
| receptors | specialized protein structures on plasma or nuclear membranes that bind signaling molecules and mediate cell signaling |
| resting membrane potential | the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of cells, a negative internal charge relative to the outside. |
| ribosomes | aggregates of RNA that coat some of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulate protein synthesis |
| S | the period during the cell cycle when DNA replication occurs |
| signaling molecules | molecules that bind to protein receptors on cellular membranes triggering intracellular reactions that activate genes that alter cellular growth or function |
| synapses | spaces between nerve cells lying close together where the depolarization of one nerve cell causes release of neurotransmitters into the space that trigger depolarization of the adjacent nerve cell |
| tight junctions | cell junctions that seal cells together as tissues |
| tissues | aggregates of cells that form structures that perform specialized function such as movement, transmission of electrical signals, body structure, etc. |
| vacuoles | larger, specialized vesicles formed within the cytoplasm to digest materials taken in by phagocytosis |
| vesicles | a membrane bound pouch in cells that contains substances |
Created by:
kvp
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