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Chp. 3 & 4 Vocab

WordDefinition
1. Organic compound a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
2. monomer a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer
3. polymer a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units
4. condensation reaction a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
5. ATP adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
6. carbohydrate any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things
7. monosaccharide a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate
8. disaccarharide a sugar formed from two monosaccharides
9. polysaccharide one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen
10. protein an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
11. amino acid any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that combine to form proteins
12. peptide bond the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
13. polypeptide a long chain of several amino acids
14. enzyme a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed
15. substrate a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes
16. active site the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate
17. lipid a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes
18. steroid a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action
19. nucleic acid an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information
20. nucleotide in a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
21. cell in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm
22. cytoplasm the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus
23. cytosol the soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes
24. prokaryote a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria
25. eukaryote an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi but not archaea or bacteria
26. organelle one of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function
27. cytoskeleton the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division
28. microtubule one of the small, tubular fibers composed of the protein tubulin that are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that compose the cytoskeleton, and that play a role in cell structure and movement
29. microfilament a fiber found inside eukaryotic cells that is composed mainly of the protein actin and that has a role in cell structure and movement
30. cilium a hairlike structure arranged in tightly packed rows that projects from the surface of some cells
31. flagellum a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move
32. plastid an organelle of plant cells that contains specific substances and performs specific functions for the cell
Created by: sgcook123
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