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Chpt_8_Cell_Repro

Vocabulary from Chpt. 8 of Holt Modern Biology: Cell Reproduction

QuestionAnswer
Chromosome Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins
Histones Proteins that help maintain the shape of the chromosome and aid in the tight packing of DNA
Chromatid Half of a chromosome
Centromere The attachment point for two chromatid
Chromatin Less tightly coiled DNA-protein complex found before cell division
Sex chromosomes Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism; may also carry genes for other characteristics
Autosomes Chromosomes in an organism other than sex chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes Chromosomes that are the same size and shape and carry genes for the same traits; one copy is received from each of the parents
Karyotypes Photomicrograph of chromosomes found in a dividing cell found in a human
Diploid Cells having two sets of chromosomes
Haploid Cells having only one set of chromosomes
Binary Fission Division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells
Mitosis A process of cell division which results in new cells with genetic material that is identical to the genetic material of the original cell
Asexual reproduction The production of offspring from one parent
Meiosis The process of cell division which reduces the chromosome number by half in new cells
Gametes Haploid reproductive cells
Interphase Time between cell divisions
Cytokinesis Division of a cell's cytoplasm
Prophase First phase of mitosis
Spindle fibers Made of microtubules that radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for metaphase
Metaphase Second phase of mitosis; where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase Third stage of mitosis; where chromatids begin to separate and travel to opposite ends of the dividing cell
Telophase Fourth step of mitosis; where chromosomes reach the opposite sides of the dividing cell
Cell plate Formed from vesicles from the Golgi apparatus, help to form a new cell wall for dividing plant cells
Synapsis Pairing of homologous chromosomes, occurs only in meiosis
Tetrad Pairs of homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids)
Crossing-over Where portions of chromatids may break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on homologous chromosomes
Genetic recombination Results from the mixing of genetic information through crossing over
Independent assortment Random separation of the homologous chromosome
Spermatogenesis The production of sperm cells
Oogenesis Production of mature egg cells, called ova
Polar bodies Produced during meiosis in addition to one mature egg cell
Sexual reproduction The production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg
Created by: SavioScience
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