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AdvBIO EXAM (ELKINS)
Advanced Biology FINAL EXAM Review Activity (2-4, 6-7, 9-11)
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Atomic mass of an atom depends primarily on the number of protons and... | Neutrons |
Anything that has mass and takes up space | Matter |
The most abundant element by weight in the human body | Carbon |
An atom seeks to fulfill the ... | Octet rule |
Bond in which electrons are given up/taken resulting in two ions which are attracted to one another | Ionic bond |
The neutron has a ___ charge | Neutral |
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally | Polar covalent bond |
Water flows freely but does not separate into individual molecules because water is ___ | Cohesive |
Compounds having an affinity for water are said to be ___ | Hydrophilic |
Water can absorb a large amount of heat without much change in temperature because it has a high ___ | Heat capacity |
Carbon requires how many electrons to complete its outer shell? | Four |
An amino acid is to a protein as a ___ is to a nucleic acid | Nucleotide |
Carbon chains can vary in ___, number of double bonds, and branching patters | Length |
Single units which are often joined to form larger functional units | Monomers |
Chain of monomers joined by a dehydration reaction | Polymer |
Glucose is an example of a ___ | Monosaccharide |
Amino acids in a protein are joined by ___ | Peptide bonds |
Which nitrogenous base is in RNA but not DNA? | Uracil |
Biological systems contain ___ that help keep the pH within a normal change | Buffers |
Has three, sometimes four levels of structure which define its individual function | Protein |
Specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and therefore, always reacts the same way | Functional group |
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons | Isotopes |
Molecules that have the same number of kinds of atoms but different chemical properties because of their unique arrangements | Isomers |
Substances in the environment can that can cause harmful chemical changes in cells damage DNA and also cause cancer... but may also be used beneficially in areas of medicine | Radioactive |
Substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by ordinary chemical means | Element |
Chains of carbon atoms that are bonded to only hydrogen atoms | Hydrocarbon |
Developed as a way to organize and display the elements for use | Periodic table |
Composed of glycerol and fatty acids | Triglycerides |
Triglyceride is another name for ___ | Fats and oils |
This subatomic article determines what element you're dealing with | Protons |
Statement that says all elements consist of tiny particles, each with the physical and chemical properties of that element | Atomic Theory |
__ molecules are soluble in water | Hydrophilic |
Contains deoxyribose sugar and is the chemical that makes up our genes | DNA |
Polymer of glucose that makes up the structure of plant cell walls | Cellulose |
Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound... | Nucleus |
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized and contain small structures called | Organelles |
The ___ contains pores that allow substances to pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm | Nuclear envelope |
Composed of DNA, protein and some RNA | Chromatin |
Interior membrane of the mitochondria forms the ___ | Cristae |
Eukaryotic cells compensate for low surface-to-volume ratio by ___ their activities into organelles | Compartmentalizing |
Produces subunits of ribosomes | Nucleolus |
After it leaves the nucleus, it attaches itself to a ribosome and polypeptide synthesis begins | Messenger RNA |
The ___ consists of a stack of 3 to 20 slightly curved, flattened saccules resembling pancakes | Golgi apparatus |
Microtubules are part of the ___ structure | Cytoskeleton |
Chloroplasts use __ to synthesize and store carbohydrates | Solar energy |
The mitochondria and ___ contain their own ribosomes and DNA | Chloroplasts |
Overcame the limit of light and allows us to see the surface features and fine details of cells | Electron microscope |
Fundamental units of all living things | Cells |
Increase surface area available for absorption for such cells as those within your intestines | Microvilli |
Regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell | Plasma membrane |
Prokaryotes that ecompose dead remains and contribute to ecological cycles | Bacteria |
Produced by golgi apparatus and contain enzymes that carry out intracelluar digestion | Lysosomes |
Prokaryotic cells genetic material can be found in an area of the cell known as the ... | Nucleoid |
Small, membrane-lined channels called ___ span the cell wall and contain strands of cytoplasm which allow material to pass from one cell to another | Plasmodesmata |
Contains proteins and polysaccharides produced by the cell that helps support cells and aids in communication between cells | Extracellular matrix |
Structure that provides support and shapes of cells | Cell wall |
Elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells | Conjugation pili |
Gel-like coating outside the cell wall | Capsule |
Synthesizes lipids | Smooth ER |
Hair-like bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces | Fimbriae |
Location of the bacterial chromosome | Nucleoid |
Rotating filament that propels the cell | Flagellum |
Sheet that surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates entrance and exit of molecules | Plasma membrane |
Serves as a transport station that receives, modifies, sorts and repackages for transport/secretion | Golgi apparatus |
Ribosomes attached to it allow it to produce polypeptides that are modified and packaged for transport | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
Site of cellular respiration | Mitochondria |
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is ___ | Reduced |
During photosynthesis, water is ___ | Oxidized |
Oxygen is regenerated by the ___ | Calvin cycle |
CO2 fixation occurs by joining CO2 to a C3 molecule and pumping it into bundle sheath cells in a ___ plant | C4 |
Carbon dioxide fixation occurs when CO2 combines with ___ | RuBP |
Enzyme that produces ATP from ADP + P in the thylakoid is... | ATP synthase |
The light reactions produce ATP, ___ and oxygen | NADPH |
Type of photosynthesis prevalent in plants in dry, arid environments... | CAM |
Photosynthesis occurs best at wavelengths that are within the ___ | Visible spectrum |
A leaf of a C4 plant differs from that of a C3 plant because ___ are protected from leaf spaces by a ring of mesophyll | Bundle sheath cells |
Energy for the Calvin Cycle is supplied ___ and NADPH from the light reactions | ATP |
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is produced when hydrogen ions move ___ a concentration gradient from the thylakoid membrane to the stroma | Down |
When electrons in the reaction center of PSI are passed to an energy-acceptor molecule, they are replaced by electrons that have been given up by___ | Water |
The raw materials of ___ are carbon dioxide and water | Photosynthesis |
In the term 'photosynthesis,' the photo- refers to which reactions? | Light reactions |
In the term 'photosynthesis,' the -synthesis refers to which reactions? | Calvin cycle |
Light reactions take place in the ___ | Thylakoid membrane |
The calvin cycle reactions occur in the ____ | Stroma |
Solar energy can be described in terms of its wavelength and its ___ | Energy |
Photosynthetic-like process bywhich some bacteria are capable of producing their own organic nutrients by oxidizing inorganic compounds is called... | Chemosynthesis |
Shortest wavelength of the visible spectrum | Violet |
Longest wavelength of the visible spectrum... | Red |
Occurs when a molecule gains a hydrogen ion | Reduction |
The ___ wavelengths are screened out by water vapor and CP2 before they reach the earth's surface | Higher-energy |
Green plants appear green because they ___ sunlight at that wavelength | Reflect |
Occurs when a molecule loses a hydrogen ion | Oxidation |
Light reactions are divided into two ___ | Photosystems |
Series of carriers that pass electrons from one to the other, releasing energy stored in the form of H+ | Electron Transport Chain |
Glucose and ___ are two very important sugars that plants synthesize from G3P | Sucrose |
___ can change ts shape and produce ATP and ADP + P | ATP synthase |
First step of the Calvin cycle | Carbon dioxide fixation |
Product of the Calvin cycle which is used to form glucose | G3P |
Plants which thrive in environments where temperature and rainfall tend to be more moderate are called ___ | C3 plants |
Photosynthesis seen in succulent plants in desert type environments | CAM photosynthesis |
Reside in membranes of thylakoids and all of them are used to absorb solar energy | Pigments |
Stored form of energy used by most organisms | Carbohydrates |
In photosynthesis, ___ is turned into chemical energy | Solar energy |
Take place in the thylakoid membrane | Light reactions |
Process which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast | Calvin cycle |
Water for photosynthesis is obtained through the ___ of plants | Roots |
CO2 for photosynthesis enters the plants through the ___ | Stomata |
CO2 from the atmosphere is attached to RuBP and is now in a usable form | Carbon dioxide fixation |
Third step of the Calvin cycle | Regeneration of RuBP |
During the energy-harvesting steps of ___, which of the following ATP and NADH are produced | Glycolysis |
During cellular respiration, glucose is ___ | Oxidized |
During cellular respiration, ___ is reduced. | Oxygen |
During the energy-investment step of glycolysis, what is consumed? | ATP |
The ___ results in the release of carbon dioxide | Citric acid cycle |
The prep reaction and the citric acid cycle all occur in the matrix of the ___ | Mitochondria |
The strongest and final electron acceptor in the ETC is ___ | Oxygen |
The ___ in the ETC undergo oxidation and reduction | Carriers |
Which of the organic molecules cannot enter the cellular respiration pathways? | Nucleic acids |
____ during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, 4 ATP are are produced | Substrate-level ATP synthase |
Anaerobic breakdown of glucose, small amount of ATP is produces as well as sustaining levels of NAD | Fermentation |
Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside the mitochondria | Glycolysis |
Oxidation of ___ is a fundamental part of cellular respiration | Substrates |
Provide the energy needed for your muscles to contract and are produced during cellular respiration | ATP molecules |
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of | Pyruvate |
If oxygen is not available for glycolysis, pyruvate is reduced to ___ which is a less beneficial and easy to remove by-product | Lactate |
Only the ___ of amino acids can be used by the cellular respiration pathways | Carbon backbone |
The ___ is a metabolic pathway located in the matrix of the mitochondria | Citric acid cycle |
Area located between the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria which is used to create a H+ gradient | Intermembrane space |
The ___ produces a substrate that can enter the citric acid cycle | Prep reaction |
The complete break down of glycerol and ___ results in many more ATP per molecule than does the breakdown of glucose, but is substantially more difficult for the cell | Fatty acids |
Final acceptor of hydrogen atoms during fermentation | Pyruvic acid |
When yeasts carry out fermentation they produce ___ and carbon dioxide | Ethyl alcohol |
Metabolic process which produces most of the ATP molecules within the cell | Electron transport chain |
Growing or metabolizing in the absence of oxygen | Anaerobic |
A human cell contains (pair) of sex chromosomes | 1 |
During meiosis I, ___ pair up together and face opposite spindle poles | Homologous pairs |
__ may results in a variety of disorders including Turner syndrome | Gamete nondisjunction |
Inactive X chromosome | Barr body |
Separation of sister chromatids of a dyad in anaphase II results in ___ | Daughter chromosomes |
Molecular bond created by means of sharing electrons | Covalent bond |
When the sharing of electrons within a covalent bond is relatively equal it results in a(n) ___ | Nonpolar covalent bond |
Type of nuclear division that is important in sexually reproducing organisms | Meiosis |
Protein complex called the ___ holds the sister chromatids together to form a chromosome dyad | Centrosome |
Allows us to visualize all of a person's chromosomes | Karyotype |
Egg and sperm join in a process called ___ | Fertilization |
Egg and sperm join to form a(n) ___ | Zygote |
During ___ the game between the two meiotic division, no DNA replication occurs | Interkinesis |
Involved in the growth and development of an organism | Mitosis |
Chromosomes which occur in pairs are known as __ and are near identical in appearance | Homologues |
Process which produces sperm cells | Spermatogenesis |
Process which produces eggs | Oogenesis |
Homologous chromosomes of each pair come together and line up side by side, during meiosis I in an event called ___ | Synapsis |
Likelihood of nondisjunction occurring increases with a mother's ___ | Age |
Refers to all the reproductive events that occur from one generation to the next | Life cycle |
Y chromosome carries the ___ which codes for most of the male characteristics | SRY region |
Mitosis ___ the chromosome number | Maintains |
Meiosis ___ the chromosome number | Reduces |
May occur only between members of a tetrad | Crossing over |
Before cell division, the ___ must first condense into chromosomes | Chromatin |
Different versions of a gene | Alleles |
Includes only one division and replication of DNA at end of each cycle | Mitosis |
Meiosis introduces __ into a species | Genetic variety |
Process by which cell membrane pinches off to form two complete cells | Cytokinesis |
Trisomy 21 | Down Syndrome |
XO female | Turner syndrome |
XXY male | Klinefelter syndrome |
The law of __ states that factors separate during gamete formation, new individuals carries two factors for each trait - one from each parent | Segregation |
CF is a recessve disorder in humans, if two unaffected individuals have a child with CF, what is the chance a 2nd child will also have the disease? | 25% |
Gregor Mendel conducted his hereditary experiments using ___ | Garden Peas |
Used to determine whether an individual with a dominant trait has two dominant factors for that trait | Test cross |
Controlled by polygenes subject to environmental influences | Multifactorial traits |
Used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross | Punnett Square |
Alleles an individual receives at fertilization | Genotype |
The expression of the alleles an individual has | Phenotype |
Genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome at specific gene ___ | Loci |
The first generation from a genetic cross | First filial |
The organisms from which a genetic cross is conducted | Parental generation |
Contain information for the production of a specific protein | Genes |
Father of Genetics | Gregor Mendel |
Heterozygous for two traits | Dihybrid |
In the garden pea, ___ is produced in the anther and contains the sperm | Pollen |
In the garden pea, ___ in the ovary contains eggs | Ovules |
Has the ability to mask the expression of another allele | Dominant allele |
Is not seen unless it is the only type of allele present | Recessive allele |
States that each pair of factors segregates independently and all possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes | Law of independent assortment |
Organism which has two of the same type of allele | Homozygous |
Organisms which has two different forms of a gene | Heterozygous |
Fruit fly | Drosophilia melanogaster |
Garden pea | Pisum sativum |
Says that the chance of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their chances of occurring separately | Rule of multiplication |
Exhibited when the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between that of either homozygote | Incomplete dominance |
Human blood type | Codominance |
Expected result of a two-trait cross of parents that are heterozygous | 9:3:3:1 |
SS | Homozygous dominant |
Ss | Heterozygous |
ss | Homozygous recessive |
Contain information for the production of proteins | Genes |
Transcription produces ___ | Ribonucleic acid |
Translation produces ___ | Polypeptides |
Changes on codon of a gene | Point mutation |
Changes all of the codons following it | Frameshift mutation |
Sought to show that DNA was the genetic material of the cell and not proteins | Hershey and chase |
Determined the structure of DNA which earned them the Nobel prize | Watson and Crick |
Found that each species has its own % of each nucleotide | Chargaff |
Application of computer technologies tot he study of the genome and proteome | Bioinformatics |
Process of making an identical copy of DNA molecule | DNA replication |
Study of genomes | Genomics |
Computer imaging of 3D shapes is important because structure relates to ___ | Function |
Any breaks in the DNA backbone due to unwinding and adding of bases is repaired by the enzyme ___ | DNA ligase |
Composed of DNA and code for proteins which affect metabolic processes | Genes |
DNA replicates in the ___ direction | 5 prime to 3 prime |
DNA replication takes place at numerous sites called ___ | Origins of replication |
DNA strands are ___, run side by side but in opposite directions | Antiparallel |
13 year effort of human DNA sequencing | Human Genome project |
Adds complementary bases to the DNA template | DNA polymerase |
Explores the structure and function of cellular proteins | Proteomics |
A with T and C with G | Complementary base pairing |
Separates and unwinds the DNA double helix for replication | Helicase |
ALL nucleotides contain a phosphate, 5-C sugar and a ___ base | Nitrogenous |
DNA replication is said to be ___ because each new DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old one | Semiconservative |
Assists mRNA during protein synthesis by bringing amino acids to the ribosomes | Transfer RNA |
Composes the ribosome subunits | Ribosomal RNA |
Four bases supply 64 different triplets | Triplet code |
First to propose that each gene directs the synthesis of one enzyme | Tatum & Beadle |
States that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein | Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
Takes place in cytoplasm; sequence of mRNA bases determines sequence of amino acids in a protein | Translation |
Change in the sequence of DNA bases | Mutation |
Takes place in the nucleus; portion of DNA serves as a template for mRNA formation | Transcription |
Composed of one large and one small subunit | Ribosome |
Several ribosomes attached to and translating the same mRNA a the same time | Polyribosome complex |
Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm | Messenger RNA |