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AdvBIO EXAM (ELKINS)
Advanced Biology FINAL EXAM Review Activity (2-4, 6-7, 9-11)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atomic mass of an atom depends primarily on the number of protons and... | Neutrons |
| Anything that has mass and takes up space | Matter |
| The most abundant element by weight in the human body | Carbon |
| An atom seeks to fulfill the ... | Octet rule |
| Bond in which electrons are given up/taken resulting in two ions which are attracted to one another | Ionic bond |
| The neutron has a ___ charge | Neutral |
| A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally | Polar covalent bond |
| Water flows freely but does not separate into individual molecules because water is ___ | Cohesive |
| Compounds having an affinity for water are said to be ___ | Hydrophilic |
| Water can absorb a large amount of heat without much change in temperature because it has a high ___ | Heat capacity |
| Carbon requires how many electrons to complete its outer shell? | Four |
| An amino acid is to a protein as a ___ is to a nucleic acid | Nucleotide |
| Carbon chains can vary in ___, number of double bonds, and branching patters | Length |
| Single units which are often joined to form larger functional units | Monomers |
| Chain of monomers joined by a dehydration reaction | Polymer |
| Glucose is an example of a ___ | Monosaccharide |
| Amino acids in a protein are joined by ___ | Peptide bonds |
| Which nitrogenous base is in RNA but not DNA? | Uracil |
| Biological systems contain ___ that help keep the pH within a normal change | Buffers |
| Has three, sometimes four levels of structure which define its individual function | Protein |
| Specific combination of bonded atoms that always has the same chemical properties and therefore, always reacts the same way | Functional group |
| Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons | Isotopes |
| Molecules that have the same number of kinds of atoms but different chemical properties because of their unique arrangements | Isomers |
| Substances in the environment can that can cause harmful chemical changes in cells damage DNA and also cause cancer... but may also be used beneficially in areas of medicine | Radioactive |
| Substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by ordinary chemical means | Element |
| Chains of carbon atoms that are bonded to only hydrogen atoms | Hydrocarbon |
| Developed as a way to organize and display the elements for use | Periodic table |
| Composed of glycerol and fatty acids | Triglycerides |
| Triglyceride is another name for ___ | Fats and oils |
| This subatomic article determines what element you're dealing with | Protons |
| Statement that says all elements consist of tiny particles, each with the physical and chemical properties of that element | Atomic Theory |
| __ molecules are soluble in water | Hydrophilic |
| Contains deoxyribose sugar and is the chemical that makes up our genes | DNA |
| Polymer of glucose that makes up the structure of plant cell walls | Cellulose |
| Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound... | Nucleus |
| Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized and contain small structures called | Organelles |
| The ___ contains pores that allow substances to pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm | Nuclear envelope |
| Composed of DNA, protein and some RNA | Chromatin |
| Interior membrane of the mitochondria forms the ___ | Cristae |
| Eukaryotic cells compensate for low surface-to-volume ratio by ___ their activities into organelles | Compartmentalizing |
| Produces subunits of ribosomes | Nucleolus |
| After it leaves the nucleus, it attaches itself to a ribosome and polypeptide synthesis begins | Messenger RNA |
| The ___ consists of a stack of 3 to 20 slightly curved, flattened saccules resembling pancakes | Golgi apparatus |
| Microtubules are part of the ___ structure | Cytoskeleton |
| Chloroplasts use __ to synthesize and store carbohydrates | Solar energy |
| The mitochondria and ___ contain their own ribosomes and DNA | Chloroplasts |
| Overcame the limit of light and allows us to see the surface features and fine details of cells | Electron microscope |
| Fundamental units of all living things | Cells |
| Increase surface area available for absorption for such cells as those within your intestines | Microvilli |
| Regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell | Plasma membrane |
| Prokaryotes that ecompose dead remains and contribute to ecological cycles | Bacteria |
| Produced by golgi apparatus and contain enzymes that carry out intracelluar digestion | Lysosomes |
| Prokaryotic cells genetic material can be found in an area of the cell known as the ... | Nucleoid |
| Small, membrane-lined channels called ___ span the cell wall and contain strands of cytoplasm which allow material to pass from one cell to another | Plasmodesmata |
| Contains proteins and polysaccharides produced by the cell that helps support cells and aids in communication between cells | Extracellular matrix |
| Structure that provides support and shapes of cells | Cell wall |
| Elongated, hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells | Conjugation pili |
| Gel-like coating outside the cell wall | Capsule |
| Synthesizes lipids | Smooth ER |
| Hair-like bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces | Fimbriae |
| Location of the bacterial chromosome | Nucleoid |
| Rotating filament that propels the cell | Flagellum |
| Sheet that surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates entrance and exit of molecules | Plasma membrane |
| Serves as a transport station that receives, modifies, sorts and repackages for transport/secretion | Golgi apparatus |
| Ribosomes attached to it allow it to produce polypeptides that are modified and packaged for transport | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Site of cellular respiration | Mitochondria |
| During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is ___ | Reduced |
| During photosynthesis, water is ___ | Oxidized |
| Oxygen is regenerated by the ___ | Calvin cycle |
| CO2 fixation occurs by joining CO2 to a C3 molecule and pumping it into bundle sheath cells in a ___ plant | C4 |
| Carbon dioxide fixation occurs when CO2 combines with ___ | RuBP |
| Enzyme that produces ATP from ADP + P in the thylakoid is... | ATP synthase |
| The light reactions produce ATP, ___ and oxygen | NADPH |
| Type of photosynthesis prevalent in plants in dry, arid environments... | CAM |
| Photosynthesis occurs best at wavelengths that are within the ___ | Visible spectrum |
| A leaf of a C4 plant differs from that of a C3 plant because ___ are protected from leaf spaces by a ring of mesophyll | Bundle sheath cells |
| Energy for the Calvin Cycle is supplied ___ and NADPH from the light reactions | ATP |
| During the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP is produced when hydrogen ions move ___ a concentration gradient from the thylakoid membrane to the stroma | Down |
| When electrons in the reaction center of PSI are passed to an energy-acceptor molecule, they are replaced by electrons that have been given up by___ | Water |
| The raw materials of ___ are carbon dioxide and water | Photosynthesis |
| In the term 'photosynthesis,' the photo- refers to which reactions? | Light reactions |
| In the term 'photosynthesis,' the -synthesis refers to which reactions? | Calvin cycle |
| Light reactions take place in the ___ | Thylakoid membrane |
| The calvin cycle reactions occur in the ____ | Stroma |
| Solar energy can be described in terms of its wavelength and its ___ | Energy |
| Photosynthetic-like process bywhich some bacteria are capable of producing their own organic nutrients by oxidizing inorganic compounds is called... | Chemosynthesis |
| Shortest wavelength of the visible spectrum | Violet |
| Longest wavelength of the visible spectrum... | Red |
| Occurs when a molecule gains a hydrogen ion | Reduction |
| The ___ wavelengths are screened out by water vapor and CP2 before they reach the earth's surface | Higher-energy |
| Green plants appear green because they ___ sunlight at that wavelength | Reflect |
| Occurs when a molecule loses a hydrogen ion | Oxidation |
| Light reactions are divided into two ___ | Photosystems |
| Series of carriers that pass electrons from one to the other, releasing energy stored in the form of H+ | Electron Transport Chain |
| Glucose and ___ are two very important sugars that plants synthesize from G3P | Sucrose |
| ___ can change ts shape and produce ATP and ADP + P | ATP synthase |
| First step of the Calvin cycle | Carbon dioxide fixation |
| Product of the Calvin cycle which is used to form glucose | G3P |
| Plants which thrive in environments where temperature and rainfall tend to be more moderate are called ___ | C3 plants |
| Photosynthesis seen in succulent plants in desert type environments | CAM photosynthesis |
| Reside in membranes of thylakoids and all of them are used to absorb solar energy | Pigments |
| Stored form of energy used by most organisms | Carbohydrates |
| In photosynthesis, ___ is turned into chemical energy | Solar energy |
| Take place in the thylakoid membrane | Light reactions |
| Process which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast | Calvin cycle |
| Water for photosynthesis is obtained through the ___ of plants | Roots |
| CO2 for photosynthesis enters the plants through the ___ | Stomata |
| CO2 from the atmosphere is attached to RuBP and is now in a usable form | Carbon dioxide fixation |
| Third step of the Calvin cycle | Regeneration of RuBP |
| During the energy-harvesting steps of ___, which of the following ATP and NADH are produced | Glycolysis |
| During cellular respiration, glucose is ___ | Oxidized |
| During cellular respiration, ___ is reduced. | Oxygen |
| During the energy-investment step of glycolysis, what is consumed? | ATP |
| The ___ results in the release of carbon dioxide | Citric acid cycle |
| The prep reaction and the citric acid cycle all occur in the matrix of the ___ | Mitochondria |
| The strongest and final electron acceptor in the ETC is ___ | Oxygen |
| The ___ in the ETC undergo oxidation and reduction | Carriers |
| Which of the organic molecules cannot enter the cellular respiration pathways? | Nucleic acids |
| ____ during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, 4 ATP are are produced | Substrate-level ATP synthase |
| Anaerobic breakdown of glucose, small amount of ATP is produces as well as sustaining levels of NAD | Fermentation |
| Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside the mitochondria | Glycolysis |
| Oxidation of ___ is a fundamental part of cellular respiration | Substrates |
| Provide the energy needed for your muscles to contract and are produced during cellular respiration | ATP molecules |
| During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of | Pyruvate |
| If oxygen is not available for glycolysis, pyruvate is reduced to ___ which is a less beneficial and easy to remove by-product | Lactate |
| Only the ___ of amino acids can be used by the cellular respiration pathways | Carbon backbone |
| The ___ is a metabolic pathway located in the matrix of the mitochondria | Citric acid cycle |
| Area located between the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria which is used to create a H+ gradient | Intermembrane space |
| The ___ produces a substrate that can enter the citric acid cycle | Prep reaction |
| The complete break down of glycerol and ___ results in many more ATP per molecule than does the breakdown of glucose, but is substantially more difficult for the cell | Fatty acids |
| Final acceptor of hydrogen atoms during fermentation | Pyruvic acid |
| When yeasts carry out fermentation they produce ___ and carbon dioxide | Ethyl alcohol |
| Metabolic process which produces most of the ATP molecules within the cell | Electron transport chain |
| Growing or metabolizing in the absence of oxygen | Anaerobic |
| A human cell contains (pair) of sex chromosomes | 1 |
| During meiosis I, ___ pair up together and face opposite spindle poles | Homologous pairs |
| __ may results in a variety of disorders including Turner syndrome | Gamete nondisjunction |
| Inactive X chromosome | Barr body |
| Separation of sister chromatids of a dyad in anaphase II results in ___ | Daughter chromosomes |
| Molecular bond created by means of sharing electrons | Covalent bond |
| When the sharing of electrons within a covalent bond is relatively equal it results in a(n) ___ | Nonpolar covalent bond |
| Type of nuclear division that is important in sexually reproducing organisms | Meiosis |
| Protein complex called the ___ holds the sister chromatids together to form a chromosome dyad | Centrosome |
| Allows us to visualize all of a person's chromosomes | Karyotype |
| Egg and sperm join in a process called ___ | Fertilization |
| Egg and sperm join to form a(n) ___ | Zygote |
| During ___ the game between the two meiotic division, no DNA replication occurs | Interkinesis |
| Involved in the growth and development of an organism | Mitosis |
| Chromosomes which occur in pairs are known as __ and are near identical in appearance | Homologues |
| Process which produces sperm cells | Spermatogenesis |
| Process which produces eggs | Oogenesis |
| Homologous chromosomes of each pair come together and line up side by side, during meiosis I in an event called ___ | Synapsis |
| Likelihood of nondisjunction occurring increases with a mother's ___ | Age |
| Refers to all the reproductive events that occur from one generation to the next | Life cycle |
| Y chromosome carries the ___ which codes for most of the male characteristics | SRY region |
| Mitosis ___ the chromosome number | Maintains |
| Meiosis ___ the chromosome number | Reduces |
| May occur only between members of a tetrad | Crossing over |
| Before cell division, the ___ must first condense into chromosomes | Chromatin |
| Different versions of a gene | Alleles |
| Includes only one division and replication of DNA at end of each cycle | Mitosis |
| Meiosis introduces __ into a species | Genetic variety |
| Process by which cell membrane pinches off to form two complete cells | Cytokinesis |
| Trisomy 21 | Down Syndrome |
| XO female | Turner syndrome |
| XXY male | Klinefelter syndrome |
| The law of __ states that factors separate during gamete formation, new individuals carries two factors for each trait - one from each parent | Segregation |
| CF is a recessve disorder in humans, if two unaffected individuals have a child with CF, what is the chance a 2nd child will also have the disease? | 25% |
| Gregor Mendel conducted his hereditary experiments using ___ | Garden Peas |
| Used to determine whether an individual with a dominant trait has two dominant factors for that trait | Test cross |
| Controlled by polygenes subject to environmental influences | Multifactorial traits |
| Used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross | Punnett Square |
| Alleles an individual receives at fertilization | Genotype |
| The expression of the alleles an individual has | Phenotype |
| Genes are arranged linearly on the chromosome at specific gene ___ | Loci |
| The first generation from a genetic cross | First filial |
| The organisms from which a genetic cross is conducted | Parental generation |
| Contain information for the production of a specific protein | Genes |
| Father of Genetics | Gregor Mendel |
| Heterozygous for two traits | Dihybrid |
| In the garden pea, ___ is produced in the anther and contains the sperm | Pollen |
| In the garden pea, ___ in the ovary contains eggs | Ovules |
| Has the ability to mask the expression of another allele | Dominant allele |
| Is not seen unless it is the only type of allele present | Recessive allele |
| States that each pair of factors segregates independently and all possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes | Law of independent assortment |
| Organism which has two of the same type of allele | Homozygous |
| Organisms which has two different forms of a gene | Heterozygous |
| Fruit fly | Drosophilia melanogaster |
| Garden pea | Pisum sativum |
| Says that the chance of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their chances of occurring separately | Rule of multiplication |
| Exhibited when the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between that of either homozygote | Incomplete dominance |
| Human blood type | Codominance |
| Expected result of a two-trait cross of parents that are heterozygous | 9:3:3:1 |
| SS | Homozygous dominant |
| Ss | Heterozygous |
| ss | Homozygous recessive |
| Contain information for the production of proteins | Genes |
| Transcription produces ___ | Ribonucleic acid |
| Translation produces ___ | Polypeptides |
| Changes on codon of a gene | Point mutation |
| Changes all of the codons following it | Frameshift mutation |
| Sought to show that DNA was the genetic material of the cell and not proteins | Hershey and chase |
| Determined the structure of DNA which earned them the Nobel prize | Watson and Crick |
| Found that each species has its own % of each nucleotide | Chargaff |
| Application of computer technologies tot he study of the genome and proteome | Bioinformatics |
| Process of making an identical copy of DNA molecule | DNA replication |
| Study of genomes | Genomics |
| Computer imaging of 3D shapes is important because structure relates to ___ | Function |
| Any breaks in the DNA backbone due to unwinding and adding of bases is repaired by the enzyme ___ | DNA ligase |
| Composed of DNA and code for proteins which affect metabolic processes | Genes |
| DNA replicates in the ___ direction | 5 prime to 3 prime |
| DNA replication takes place at numerous sites called ___ | Origins of replication |
| DNA strands are ___, run side by side but in opposite directions | Antiparallel |
| 13 year effort of human DNA sequencing | Human Genome project |
| Adds complementary bases to the DNA template | DNA polymerase |
| Explores the structure and function of cellular proteins | Proteomics |
| A with T and C with G | Complementary base pairing |
| Separates and unwinds the DNA double helix for replication | Helicase |
| ALL nucleotides contain a phosphate, 5-C sugar and a ___ base | Nitrogenous |
| DNA replication is said to be ___ because each new DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old one | Semiconservative |
| Assists mRNA during protein synthesis by bringing amino acids to the ribosomes | Transfer RNA |
| Composes the ribosome subunits | Ribosomal RNA |
| Four bases supply 64 different triplets | Triplet code |
| First to propose that each gene directs the synthesis of one enzyme | Tatum & Beadle |
| States that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein | Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
| Takes place in cytoplasm; sequence of mRNA bases determines sequence of amino acids in a protein | Translation |
| Change in the sequence of DNA bases | Mutation |
| Takes place in the nucleus; portion of DNA serves as a template for mRNA formation | Transcription |
| Composed of one large and one small subunit | Ribosome |
| Several ribosomes attached to and translating the same mRNA a the same time | Polyribosome complex |
| Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm | Messenger RNA |
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