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AP EXAM (ELKINS)
Anatomy FINAL EXAM 2011 Review (1-3, 5-7)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The root "homeo-" means... | Same |
| The root "hetero-" means... | Different |
| An informed, uncertain but testable idea is a(n)... | Hypothesis |
| Structure that can be observed with the naked eye... | Gross anatomy |
| The simplest structures considered to be a live are... | Cells |
| The urethra is found in the ___ region of the abdomen... | Hypogastric |
| Self-amplifying chain of physiological events is called... | Positive feedback |
| Palpation is the studying of anatomy by means of... | Touch |
| The heart is ___ to the lungs... | Medial |
| The lungs are ___ tot he heart... | Lateral |
| Which organ system regulates blood volume, controls acid-base balance and stimulates red blood cell production? | Circulatory system |
| Words composed of the first letter, or first few letters, of a series of words... | Acronyms |
| The ___ region consists of the head, neck and the trunk | Axial |
| The heart is IN the ... | Mediastinum |
| The technique for listening tot he sounds of the heart valves... | Auscultation |
| There are more ___ than cells in the body. | Organelles |
| Study of structure... | Anatomy |
| Methods of viewing the inside of the body by means of surgery... | Exploratory surgery |
| Study of function | Physiology |
| Studying the function of more than one organism and using them, together, to understand functions in other species | Comparative physiology |
| Single, complete individual and the largest level in the hierarchy of complexity | Organism |
| Masses of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and perform a specific function | Tissues |
| The smallest units of an organism, and the smallest units of life in general, are called cells | Cells |
| Sum of all an individual's internal chemical reactions | Metabolism |
| Refers to the fact that the whole organism cannot be fully explained by the actions of its parts | Holism |
| A large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components | Reductionism |
| Changes in DNA structure | Mutation |
| Scientist predicts what the results of a certain experiment will be if his/her hypothesis is correct | Deduction |
| Cutting and separating tissue to reveal structural relationships is called ... | Dissection |
| Invented many components of the compound microscope and named the tiny 'compartments' he observed "cells" | Robert Hooke |
| Composed of lipids and proteins and surrounds the cellular components | Plasma membrane |
| Major features of human anatomy have standard international names prescribed by the ... | Terminologia Anatomica |
| Membranes lining the cranial cavity | Meninges |
| Physiological effects of a person's mental state are called ___ effects | Psychosomatic |
| Refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level | Ultrastructure |
| Rejected all eponyms and gave each structure unique Latin names used world-wide | Nomina Anatomica |
| Tendency of the body to maintain stable internal conditions | Homeostasis |
| Transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a specific task | Differentiation |
| Self-correcting mechanisms in physiology | Feedback mechanisms |
| Terms coined from the names of people | Eponyms |
| Arrangement of polypeptide into a fibrous or globular shape is called its... | Tertiary structure |
| 12 elements that account for a mere 0.7% of body weight are known as... | Trace elements |
| An ionic bond is formed when an anion meets a(n)... | Cation |
| A substance that contains at least two different elements is considered to be a(n)... | Chemical compound |
| A substance capable of dissolving freely in water is... | Hydrophilic |
| The process of removing an electron from a substance and creating a positive ion | Oxidation |
| A substance which does not dissolve readily in water | Hydrophobic |
| Time required for 1/2 of a radioactive elements atoms to decay to a more stable state is the ... | Physical half-life |
| The only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body | Glycogen |
| Water molecules form a ___ which isolates the individual ions, keeping them dissolved within a solution | Hydration sphere |
| Carbohydrates supply more ___ than proteins can. | Energy storage |
| The ratio of products to reactants is stable in a state of ___ | Equilibrium |
| The study of molecules that compose living things | Biochemistry |
| Feature that most distinguishes a lipid from a carbohydrate is that a lipid has a ___ ratio of oxygen to hydrogen | Lower |
| When an atom gives up an electron and acquires a positive charge, it is called a(n)... | Cation |
| Dietary antioxidants are important because they neutralize | Free radicals |
| When an atom gains an electron and thus an overall negative charge | Anion |
| Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and are key to our survival | Minerals |
| Any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by it is a(n) .... | Enzyme |
| All of the synthesis reactions in the body form a division of metabolism called | Anabolism |
| All of the decomposition reactions which take place in the body... | Catabolism |
| A chemical reaction that joins two organic molecules and produces water as a by-product | Dehydration synthesis |
| Amphiphilic lipids of a cell membrane | Phospholipids |
| Substance acted upon and changed by an enzyme is called the enzyme's | Substrates |
| The outer-most energy level of an atom | Valence shell |
| 3D shape of a protein | Conformation |
| Drastic conformational change in response to conditions such as extreme heat or pH and often results in the destruction of a protein's function | Denaturation |
| Capacity to do work | Energy |
| Arranged all of the known elements according to their atomic number | Periodic table |
| Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules is known as... | Chemical energy |
| Study of molecules that compose living things | Biochemistry |
| Forms the "backbone" of organic compounds | Carbon |
| Water is capable of dissolving most substances and is known as the ... | Universal solvent |
| Number of protons within the nucleus | Atomic number |
| Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties | Element |
| Chemical particles with odd number of electrons | Free radicals |
| Substances that ionize in water | Electrolytes |
| Substances that release H+ in solution | Acids |
| Consists of substances that are physically blended together | Mixture |
| Tendency of a substance to cling to itself | Cohesion |
| Attraction of water particles to a glass | Adhesion |
| Particles scatter light and are often cloudy | Colloids |
| Proton acceptor | Base |
| Proton donator | Acid |
| Particles are too heavy to remain permanently dissolved so they separate upon standing | Suspension |
| Most cellular membrane components are made by the... | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Membrane carriers resemble enzymes except for the fact that carriers do not ___ their ligands | Chemically change |
| Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that promote | Osmosis |
| Which of the following is not part of the cytoskeleton | Organelles |
| Human cells will swell or shrink in any solution other than a(n) ___ one | Isotonic |
| __ endocytosis is a more selective form of either phagocytosis or pinocytosis | Isotonic |
| Process by which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane | Filtration |
| Plasma membrane gates that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane | Voltage-gated channels |
| Process by which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure and drive water through a membrane against its concentration gradient | Reverse osmosis |
| Concentrated solution that causes a cell to shrink | Hypertonic |
| Difference in concentration between one point and another | Concentration gradient |
| Gate in the plasma membrane that opens or closes when a chemical binds t it is called a(n) | Ligand-gated channel |
| Fusion of secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane, and release of the vesicles contents, is called ___ | Exocytosis |
| Detoxify harmful substances within the cell: smooth ER and ____ | Peroxisomes |
| Network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell | Cytoskeleton |
| Composed of carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins | Glycocalyx |
| Ability of a microscope to reveal detail is referred to as it's | Resolution |
| Force exerted on a membrane by water is called | Hydrostatic pressure |
| Side of membrane that faces the cytoplasm | Intracellular face |
| Side of plasma membrane that faces the external environment of the cell | Extracellular face |
| Hydrostatic pressure required on one side to halt the process of osmosis called ... | Osmotic pressure |
| Space enclosed by the unit membrane of the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum is called the... | Cisterae |
| Clear, stucture-less gel in a cell | Cytosol |
| Cells specialized for absorption of matter from extracellular fluid are likely to show an abundance of | Microvilli |
| Active transport can occur only within a ___ cell | Living |
| Process of enclosing extracellular fluid in which the plasma membrane sinks in and pinches off small vesicles containing droplets of fluid | Pinocytosis |
| Inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called ___ which project like shelves into the matrix | Cristae |
| Process by which lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non-vital organelles and other cell components in order to cycle nutrients withing the cell | Autophagy |
| Carrier which performs cotransport | Symport |
| Hairlike projections along the cell surface which play a role in sensory function and locomotion | Cilia |
| Movement of material without the aid of ATP | Passive transport |
| Net flow of water through a membrane from high to low concentration | Osmosis |
| Unpaired centrioles at the base of a cilium or flagellum | Basal body |
| Vesicular transport of particles into a cell | Endocytosis |
| Sacs produced b the Golgi apparatus which contains enzymes for intracellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death and glucose mobilization | Lysosomes |
| The seminiferous tubule (narrow, secretory tube/passage) of the testis is lined with ___ epithelium | Stratified cuboidal |
| ___ epithelium is found in areas/organs which undergo a certain amount of 'stretching' as required by the body | Transitional |
| ___ connective tissue is used for energy storage, thermal insulation and heat production | Adipose |
| The most abundant formed element in the blood is the ___ | Erythrocytes |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells |
| Connections between one cell and another | Cell junctions |
| Single layer of square, almost rounded cells | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| External surface of the stomach is covered by | Serosa |
| Internal surface of the stomach is covered by | Mucosa |
| Encircle epithelial cells, joining each cell securely to the other | Tight junctions |
| Collagen of areolar tissue is produced by | Fibroblasts |
| Tendons are composed of ___ connective tissue | Dense regular |
| The shape of the external ear is primarily due to... | Elastic cartilage |
| Most abundant and only significant adipose tissue of the body | Yellow fat |
| Separates the upper layers of epithelial tissue from the connective tissue below, within the skin | Basement membrane |
| Occur in small numbers in mature organs or tissues throughout a person's life and have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types | Adult stem cells |
| Found within the embryo and are capable in differentiating into nearly any cell type required; controversial | Embryonic stem cells |
| Found in fetuses, stores lipids in the form of multiple globules rather that one large one making it easier to break down | Brown fat |
| Undifferentiated cells | Stem cells |
| Relatively stiff connective tissue with flexible rubbery matrix | Cartilage |
| Premature, pathological tissue death | Necrosis |
| Artificial production of tissues and organs in a lab setting and used for implantation in the human body | Tissue engineering |
| Osseous tissue | Bone |
| Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same cell type present before hand | Regeneration |
| Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, like in severe injuries | Fibrosis |
| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| Most abundant, widely distributed and variable primary tissue | Connective tissue |
| Hereditary defect in elastin | Marfan syndrome |
| Most embryonic and childhood growth occurs by; tissue growth through multiplication | Hyperplasia |
| Muscles not exercised exhibit disuse ___ and their cells become smaller | Atrophy |
| Development of more specialized form and function | Differentiation |
| Fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular vessels throughout the body | Blood |
| Occupies the "empty space" within a tissue; usually gelatinous or rubbery in consistency | Ground substance |
| Basis for excitation of a cell/tissue | Membrane potential |
| Constitute most of the volume of the nervous tissue | Glial cells |
| Densely packed, parallel, often wavy collagen fibers | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Found in the heart | Cardiac muscle |
| Gland which maintains contact with surface by means of a duct | Exocrine |
| Gland which releases secretion by exocytosis | Merocrine |
| Glandular secretion which contains the product and the disintegrated cellular parts | Holocrine |
| Lacks striations and is involuntary | Smooth muscle |
| Loose network of reticular fibers and cells, infiltrated with numerous leukocytes | Reticular tissue |
| Product of a gland which is beneficial to the body | Secretion |
| Type of gland which releases products into the blood stream; has no surface duct | Endocrine |
| Waste product removed by means of a gland | Excretion |
| Abnormal redness of the skin | Erythema |
| Brownish black melanin | Eumelanin |
| Bruise | Hematoma |
| Cancer-causing radiation which leaks through our ozone layer | Ultraviolet |
| Covers body and provides a barrier to pathogens and to excessive water loss | Skin |
| Dilating of blood vessels; plays a role in relieving body of excess heat | Vasodilation |
| Genetic lack of melanin | Albinism |
| Immune cells of the epidermis | Dendritic cells |
| Majority of epidermal cells | Keratinocytes |
| Needed for bone development and maintenance; skin is the first step of it's synthesis | Vitamin D |
| Red pigment of blood | Hemoglobin |
| Reddish-yellow melanin | Pheomelanin |
| Scientific study of medical treatment of the integumentary system | Dermatology |
| Tough protein which fills the upper epidermal cells; water-proofing barrier | Keratin |
| Undifferentiated cells giving rise to keratinocytes | Stem cells |
| Sweating without noticeable wetness of the skin | Insensible sweating |
| Burn which destroys the entire dermis | Third degree |
| Nourishes the hair | Dermal papillae |
| Muscle that causes hair to stand on end | Piloerector |
| Cells which synthesize melanin and aid in the overall production of skin and hair pigmentation | Melanocytes |
| Blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration in the blood | Cyanosis |
| Cerumen | Earwax |
| Zone in epidermis which consists mainly of a single layer of cuboudal to columnar stem cells and keratinocytes rising from the basement membrane | Stratum basale |
| Hair 'growing' stage | Anagen |
| Composed of clumps of dander stuck together by sebum | Dandruff |
| Holocrine glands that secrete into hair follicle | Sebaceous |
| Process of removing burned skin from a patient | Debridement |
| Condition in which hair is lost from select regions of the scalp rather than thinning uniformly across the whole scalp | Pattern baldness |
| Cells of this epidermal layer are keratinized and dead | Stratum corneum |
| What skin condition or appearance would most likely result from liver failure? | Jaundice |
| Arm hair | Vellus hair |
| "scent" gland | Apocrine gland |
| Skin cells with a sensory roll | Tactile cells |
| Alert immune system to pathogens; found within the sin | Dendritic cells |
| Which glands play a role in hearing? | Ceruminous glands |
| Most common type of kin cancer | Basale cell carcinoma |
| Burns which involve the epidermis and part of the dermis, but leave at least some of the dermis intact | Second degree |
| The femur is a ___ bone. | Long |
| Poor nutrition, lack of vitamin D and lack of exercise are all risk factors for... | Osteoporosis |
| Cells that have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid | Osteoclasts |
| Forms blood cells and platelets | Bone marrow |
| ___ contribute a flexibility to bones to prevent them from shattering when a great force is applied to them | Collagen fibers |
| One long bone meets another at it's ___ | Epiphysis |
| Osteoclasts are most closely related, by common descent, to which connective tissue cell? | Blood cells |
| Blood is also known as what type of tissue? | Myeloid |
| Spurt of growth at puberty results from cell proliferation and hypertrophy in the ___ | Epiphyseal plate |
| Walls between cartilage lacunae break down in the zone of ____; where osseous tissue is beginning to replace it | Bone deposition |
| Thin layer of reticular connective tissue called the __ lines the internal marrow cavity | Endosteum |
| Tiny cavities that contain the osteocytes | Lacunae |
| Stems cells which develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells | Osteogenic cells |
| Calcium phosphate crystallizes in bone as... | Hyrdoxyapatite |
| Osteocytes contact each other through channels called __in the bone matrix | Canaliculi |
| A bone increases in diameter only by ___ growth | Appositional growth |
| Addition of new cells within a tissue | Interstitial growth |
| Addition of new cells on the surface of a tissue | Appositional growth |
| Calcium deficiency which may cause death by suffocation | Hypocalcemia |
| Cells that secrete collagen and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition | Osteoblasts |
| Most active form of vitamin D produced mainly by the kidneys | Calcitrol |
| Combination of two basic structural materials (spongy bone and compact bone) | Composite |
| Transitional region between epiphyseal cartilage and primary marrow cavity of young bone | Metaphysis |
| Softening of the bones which occurs in adults | Osteomalacia |
| Epiphyseal plate becomes the ___ after a person reaches adulthood | Epiphyseal line |
| Formation of bone; ossification or __ | Osteogenesis |
| Marrow which no longer produces blood cells | Yellow marrow |
| Basic structural unit of compact bone | Osteon |
| Collagen fibers from the periosteum which become continuous with tendons that bind muscle to bone | Perforating fibers |
| Softening of the bones which takes place in children | Rickets |
| Break in the bone weakened by some other disease | Pathological fracture |
| Carpals and tarsals | Short bones |
| Central cavity found in a long bone which contains the marrow | Medullary cavity |
| Composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework | Skeletal system |
| Connective tissue in which matrix is hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals | Osseous tissue |
| Covers the surface of a bone which is part of a joint | Articular cartilage |
| Fracture caused by abnormal trauma to a bone | Stress fracture |
| Head of bone found at each end | Epiphysis |
| Minute holes penetrating the bone... | Nutrient foramina |
| Secreted by the parathyroid hormone and is released when blood calcium is low | PTH |
| Shaft of the bone | Diaphysis |
| Sheath which covers the external portion of a bone | Periosteum |
| Spongy layer of bone within the cranium | Diploe |
| Sternum and shoulder blade | Flat bones |
| Study of bone | Osteology |
| Thin layer of connective tissue which lines the internal marrow cavity | Endosteum |
| Vertebrae | Irregular bones |
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