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Bio 2601 Final
Organismal Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type of cells in xylem | Tracheids & Vessel elements; dead |
| Type of cells in Phloem | Sieve elements & companion cells; alive |
| Xylem transports | Water & inorganic solutes |
| Phloem transports | Products of photosynthesis (sugars) and signalling molecules/proteins |
| Direction of phloem | source --> sink |
| Direction of xylem | roots --> leaves |
| Mechanism of xylem transport (2) | Transpiration Cohesion-tension |
| Mechanism of phloem transport (2) | Osmotic pressure Bulk flow |
| How to deal with xylem breakage vs. phloem breakage | xylem: block off pits & reroute phloem: block sieve plates with p-protein |
| Embolism | gas-filled void (xylem) |
| Maple syrup is in the: | XYLEM * bizarre because it's only supposed to carry water |
| Chlorosis | yellowing due to the loss of chlorophyll |
| C4: two kinds of cells | Mesophyll and Bundle sheath |
| What happens in mesophyll cells? | CO2 comes in, light reaction occurs. |
| What kind of cell does PEPcase work in? | Mesophyll OR a cell from CAM plants |
| Dark reactions in C4 plants occur in... | Bundle sheath cells |
| Bundle sheath cells have a high/low PCO2 | high |
| Calvin cycle is the light/dark reaction | DARK |
| Aerenchyma | gas-filled space in aquatic plants...surrounds root cells. Allows transport of CO2 from anoxic sediments to photosynthetic tissues |
| Hemoglobin, structure: | Protein + Heme + Fe2+ |
| Chlorocruorin structure: | Protein + Porphyrin + Fe2+ |
| Hemerythrin structure: | Protein + Fe2+ |
| Hemocyanin structure: | Protein + Cu2+ |
| How many oxygens can Hemoglobin bind? | 4/tetramer |
| How many oxygens can Chlorocruorin bind? | One/porphyrin group |
| How many oxygens can hemerythrin bind? | 8/octomer |
| How many oxygens can hemocyanin bind? | one/ 2 Cu2+ |
| Does Hemoglobin display "cooperativity"? | YES |
| What causes Bohr effect? | Change in pH or PCO2 |
| myoglobin, where is it found & affinity properties | found in muscle Higher oxygen affinity than Hb |
| Neuroglobin, where is it found? | Brain & retina |
| Cytoglobin, where is it found? | All cells! |
| Define stenohaline | Survive across a narrow range of salinities |
| Define euryhaline | Survive across a broad range of salinities |
| Anhydrobiosis | Survive losing water |
| Who has more urine, saltwater or freshwater fish? | Freshwater > saltwater |
| Ion flux in saltwater vs. freshwater fish | Saltwater: passive in, active out Freshwater: active in, passive out |
| Which kind of teleost fish has tight junctions? | Freshwater |
| Na+ gradient drives transcellular Cl- transport in: | Saltwater fishes |
| Na+ gradient is driven by electrochemical gradient from H+ pump and Na+K+ ATP-ase in: | Freshwater fishes |
| Poikilotherms | have more than one temperature setpoint generally ectotherms |
| Keeping internal temperature constant | homeotherms |
| Q10 | ratio of the rate of a process over the rate of the same process at a temperature 10 degrees lower |
| high km means... | low affinity |
| Kcat = | number of molecules of substrate processed per unit time at saturation |
| Conduction, convection, and thermal radiation are all examples of... | Dry heat transfer |
| BAT increases with... | acclimation/acclimatization |
| If heat transfer between outgoing and incoming vessels is allowed in counter-current heat exchange you can expect: | less heat to be lost to outside world & less energy required to re-heat incoming blood |
| Where does ectotherm heat come from for: Plants? Animals? | Plants: futile cycling Animals: muscle contraction |
| Define the isothermal line on graphs.. | How temperature would vary if there were no endothermy |
| Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) | CO2 produced : O2 consumed (also called respiratory quotient) |
| What does Fv/Fm measure? (plants) | How well PSII is working |
| Can chloroplasts move? | Yes |
| Chloropyhyll is contined in___ | Thylakoids |
| Thylakoid reaction makes: | ATP and NADPH |
| Is it light dependent or light independent that produced ATP and NADPH? | Light-dependent |
| Energy input for light dependent reactions is? | photons |
| Energy input for light-independent reaction is? | light dependent reaction! |
| Uses water and produces oxygen, light dependent or independent? | Dependent |
| Uses CO2 and produces sugars, light dependent or independent? | Independent |
| Uses ADP and NADP+, light dependent or independent? | Dependent |
| Produces ADP and NADP+, light dependent or independent? | Independent |
| Produces ATP and NADPH, light dependent or independent? | Dependent |
| Rotenone inhibits which complex | 1 |
| Name of Complex 1 in mitochondrial ETC | NADH Dehydrogenase |
| Name of complex 2 in mitochondrial ETC | Succinate dehydrogenase |
| Name of complex 3 in mitochondrial ETC | cytochrome bc1 complex |
| Which complex isn't transmembrane in mitochondrial ETC? | 3 |
| Name of complex 4 in mitochondrial ETC? | Cyt C oxidase |
| Name of complex 5 in mitochondrial ETC | ATP Synthase |
| Cyanide, Carbon monoxide, and Azide all inhibit... | Complex IV Stops donation of oxygen |
| How do colligative antifreezes work? | Increase total [solutes] in body fluids, NOT chemical properties idea: more stuff = lower melting and freezing pt |
| Non-colligative antifreeze method | Specialized chemical properties Bind to certain planes of growing ice crystal |
| Which is more temperature dependent, light or dark rxn? | dark! Decreased temperature, Calvin cycle slows |
| Adaptation Acclimatisation Acclimation | Evolutionary In Field In Lab |
| Frank-starling response | Heart responds to increased blood by increasing contraction strength An example of +ve regularion, heart pumps more vigorously |
| Energy input for ETC: Chloroplast vs Mitochondria (what and where?) | Chloroplast: Photons at light harvesting complex I and II Mitochondrion: NADH, FADH2 at complex I and II |
| Main electron transfer molecules: Chloroplast vs Mitochondria | Chloroplast: PQ and PC Mitochondria: UQ and Cyt C |
| Signature redox step of chloroplast vs mitochondria | Chloroplast: h2O --> O2 Mitochondria: O2 --> H2O |
| Energy output of chloroplast vs mitochondrial ETC | NADPH and ATP chloroplast ATP mitochondria |
| Why do Cyanide/CO/Azide block ETC? | They block complex IV so you can't donate the final electron |
| How does myogenic regulation differ from Frank-Starling response? | Myogenic is negative feedback where frank-starling is positive |
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