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Bio 2483 Final
Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define alternative stable state | Different communities develop in same area under similar environmental conditions |
| Rate of species diversification? | Speciation - Extinction |
| Define guild | Group of species that use the same resources |
| Define functional group | Species that function in similar ways, but do not necessarily use the same resources |
| Does ectomycorrhizae go in to plant root cells? | NOPE, just forms mantle around root |
| Lay an egg on or in host, larvae hatch in host and usually kill them... | Parasitoids |
| Parasites that cause disease | Pathogens |
| Autochthonous energy | Produced by autotrophs within the system |
| What does b stand for in the Lotka-Volterra predator prey model? | Efficiency with which prey biomass --> predator offspring |
| What does a stand for in the Lotka-Volterra predator prey model? | Capture efficiency |
| What does NDVI measure? | Density of chlorophyll |
| Coarse-filter approach to conservation looks at | landscape, ecosystem, habitat |
| Nitrification is limited to __ habitats | Terrestrial (because it needs oxygen) |
| 3 Factors that may control number of trophic levels | 1. Energy entering via primary production 2. Frequency of disturbance 3. Ecosystem size |
| Define vicariance | Evolutionary separation of species due to barriers such as those transformed by continental drift |
| What kind of ecosystem are trophic cascades most apparent in? | Aquatic |
| Resource partitioning reduces: | Competition |
| Define secondary production | Consumption of organic matter by heterotrophs |
| Loess? | Sediment deposited by wind. |
| A positive relationsip between latitude and species diversity would mean | As latitude increases, species diversity does as well |
| Resource partitioning increases: | Species diversity |
| Proportion of assimilated energy that goes in to new consumer biomass is... | production efficiency |
| Examples of service mutualism | Pollination, dispersal, defense |
| THE ECOLOGICAL MAXIMS | 1. Organisms interact and are interconnected 2. Everything goes somewhere 3. No population can increase forever 4. Finite energy and resources --> trade offs 5. Organisms evolve 6. Communities/ecosystems change over time 7. Spatial scale matters |
| Latent heat flux, define | Heat transfer associated with phase change of water |
| Equator has __ pressure and __ precipitation | LOW, HIGH |
| Define eutrophication | Poor --> rich nutrient content |
| Lentic? | Still water |
| As body size increases, SA:V... | decreases |
| Equation for optimal foraging theory | Probability = energy/time |
| Cline | pattern of change over a geographic region |
| Gene flow can limit ___ and prevent ___ | Adaptation, speciation |
| Ruderal plants have | Short life spans, rapid growth |
| Most common dispersion | Clumped |
| Ix in a life table is | Survivorship (proportion of N that live to age x) |
| if lambda equals 1... | a population won't change size |
| A decrease in growth rate because of decreased density is... | allee effects |
| Two problems with food webs | They are static in a dynamic environment and they ignore microorganisms |
| Species diversity combines | richness and evenness |
| A competitive network promotes | Diversity (no one species dominates) |
| Why do the tropics have higher species richness? (3 reasons) | 1. They have the most land mass and stable temps (higher diversification rate) 2. They have a stable climate and no disruption (diversification time) 3. They have a large carrying capacity and high productivity = large population |
| What effect does temperature of on NEE? | May decrease, because loss of C from organisms increases with temperature. |
| Where would you see an inverted biomass pyramid? | Nutrient-poor aquatic ecosystems |
| Detritivores are part of which trophic level? | second |
| Late in succession, which element is limiting? | P (because the amount in occluded form increases) |
| Species accumulation curve plots __ v. __ | Species richness v. Number of individuals |
| Alpha diversity | Species physiology and interactions with other species (local scale) |
| Beta diversity | Change in species number and composition from one community to another |
| Gamma diversity | Regional species pool |
| Define grain | Smallest homogeneous unit of study |
| NEE = | GPP - Respiration (by both auto & heterotrophs) |
| NPP = | GPP - respiration (by autotrophs only) |
| GPP = | Total fixed C by autotrophs |
| Interspecific competition | Two species, both harmed when they use the same resource |
| Lotka-Volterra competition model predicts: | outcome of competition, tells when a population will stop changing |
| Which of the 9 biomes has the lowest temperature? | Tundra |
| Which biome has been affected the most by climate change? | Tundra |
| Summer/Winter conditions of Temperate Grassland | warm moist summer, cold dry winter |
| Two biomes associated with the ITCZ | Tropical rainforests and Tropical seasonal forest/savanna |
| Biome with highest biomass and diversity? | Tropical rainforests |
| Cold wet conditions limit ___ | decomposition |
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