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Chap. 54 Community E

Campbell Biology Chapter 54: Community Ecology

QuestionAnswer
Competitive exclusion principle one species uses resources more efficiently than another, eventually replacing that species.
Ecological niche The sum total of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.
Fundamental niche The niche potentially occupied by a species; the conditions the organism would prefer.
Realized niche the conditions the organism actually occupies, possibly as a result of competition with another species.
Cryptic coloration Camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background; makes an animal difficult to see.
Aposematic coloration allows the animal to look like it might be harmful because bright colors are often associated with harmful organisms.
Batesian mimicry A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.
Relative abundance The proportional abundance of different species in a community; how many of each species is present.
Species richness The number of species in a biological community; a measure of how many different species are present.
Energetic hypothesis The concept that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain; that is, so much energy is lost with each transfer that the energy is quickly depleted.
Dynamic stability hypothesis The concept that long food chains are less stable than short chains; and that small fluctuations at low levels are increasingly magnified with successive levels.
Dominant species A species with substantially higher abundance or biomass than other species in a community. Dominant species exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species; those species in a community that are the most abundant
Keystone species A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche; not the most abundant species but they play pivotal ecological roles.
Facilitators Ecosystem “engineers” species that physically alter the structure of the community.
Community The group of individuals of all species living and interacting in the same general area.
Uniform A type of dispersion exhibited by animals as a result of antagonistic interactions.
Cohorts Groups of individuals of the same age.
Rivet model Describes the species of a community as being tightly connected in a ‘web of life’ and that one species will suffer without the other species.
Redundancy model Says that one species has little effect on the others, and can easily be replaced by a different species.
Species diversity Made up of species richness and relative abundance.
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis This model suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can create conditions that foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance
Primary succession Occurs in areas where soil has not yet formed or has been stripped away.
Secondary succession Occurs when an existing community has been cleared by some community but the soil has been left intact.
Evapotranspiration Consists of evaporation of water from soil and transpiration of water by plants.
Integrated hypothesis Describes the community as a unit that functions as a whole, partly because of the observation that certain species of plants are consistently found together.
Individualistic hypothesis Describes the community of plants as species that just happen to be in the same location because they have similar requirements.
Species interactions Competition, Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, Mutualism, and Commensalism.
Competition (-/-) Occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival.
Predation (+/-) Interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.
Herbivory (+/-) Interaction in which an organism eats parts of a plant or alga.
Parasitism (+/-) Symbiotic interaction in which one organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, the host, which is harmed in the process.
Mutualism (+/+) Interspecific interaction that benefits both species.
Commensalism : (+/0) Interaction between species that benefits one of the species but neither harms nor helps the other.
Mutualism: (+/+) Interspecific interaction that benefits both species.
Commensalism: (+/0) Interaction between species that benefits one of the species but neither harms nor helps the other.
Created by: 1756311159
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