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What are nerve cells specialized for carrying electrical signals from one part of the body to another?
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The nervous system is able to send messages much more quickly that what system?
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Bio189 Chap25-27
Nervous, Sensory, and Motor systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are nerve cells specialized for carrying electrical signals from one part of the body to another? | Neurons |
| The nervous system is able to send messages much more quickly that what system? | Endocrine System |
| Does the nervous system depend on the circulatory system like hormones? | No |
| The nervous system of most complex animals have how many divisions? | Two |
| What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? | Central and Peripheral |
| Which nervous system consists of the brain and, invertebrates, the spinal cord? | Central Nervous system |
| Which nervous system is made up mostly of nerves that carry signals into and out of CNS? | Peripheral Nervous System |
| What is the name for bundled axons of many neurons, along with connective tissue and blood vessels? | A Nerve |
| What is a communication line made from cable-like bundles of neuron fibers along with other tissues? | A Nerve |
| The three interconnected functions of the nervous system are carried out by what? | Three types of nerons |
| What are the three types of neurons? | Sensory, Interneurons, and Motor |
| Which neuron carries out motor output? | Motor |
| Which neuron conveys sensory input? | Sensory |
| Which neuron performs integration, the interpretation of the sensory signals? | Interneuron |
| What performs that body's responses to motor output? | Effectors |
| Effectors are usually what muscles? | skeletal |
| neurons are functional units of what? | The Nervous System |
| What houses the nucleus, cytoplasm, and other organelles? | Cell body |
| What are the two types of extensions that project for the cell body? | Dendrites and Axon |
| What receives incoming messages from other cells and convey the info toward the cell body? | Dendrites |
| What conducts signals toward another neuron or an effector? | Axon |
| Supporting cells outnumber neurons by as many as how many? | 50 to 1 |
| whats protects, insulates, and reinforces the neurons? | supporting cells |
| A resting neuron contains potential energy that resides in an electrical charge difference across what? | its plasma membrane |
| What is the voltage (potential difference) called? | Resting potential |
| A neuron in its resting state is positive or negatively charged within the cell? | negatively |
| While a neuron is in its resting state what are allowed to diffuse out? | positively charged potassium ions |
| What is any factor that causes a nerve signal to be generated? | Stimulus |
| What is the technical name for nerve signal? | Action potential |
| What are changes in the electrical polarity in a neuron due to an influx of positive Na+ ions? | Action Potential |
| What is a local electrical event? | Action Potential |
| To function as a nerve signal, this local event must be passed along what? | The neuron |
| What is like a domino effect along the neuron? | Action Potential Propagation |
| Action potentials are all or none events which means they are the same no matter how strong or weak what triggers them? | The stimulus triggers them |
| What does a strong stimulus do to action potentials? | generate more at a greater frequency |
| The action potential will be propagated down the axon to what? | synaptic terminal |
| What is the name of the end of the axon? | synaptic terminal |
| What is responsible for transmitting this signal to the receiving cell? | synaptic terminal |
| What are relay points between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell? | Chemical synapses |
| Chemical synapses have a narrow gap called what? | synaptic cleft |
| What separates a synaptic terminal of the sending neuron from the receiving cell? | synaptic cleft |
| Chemical synapses rely on what to carry info from one nerve cell to another kind of cell that will react? | neurotransmitters |
| What interprets the chemical synapses with the complex info? | cell bodies |
| A neuron may receive input from hundreds of other neurons via thousands of what? | synaptic terminals |
| A wide variety of small molecules can act as what? | Neutotransmitters |
| What can act as synapses by increasing or decreasing the normal effect of neurotransmitters? | Drugs |
| What is the name of the concentration of the nervous system at the head? | Cephalization |
| What is the name of the presence of a central nervous system distinct from a peripheral nervous system? | Centralization |
| In all vertebrates the brain and spinal cord make up what nervous system? | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| What acts as the central communication conduit between the brain and the rest of the body? | The spinal cord |
| What is the master control center of the nervous system? | The brain |
| What contains the densest concentration of neurons in our body? | The brain and spinal cord |
| What is the name of the fluid that the brain and spinal cord's spaces are filled with and protects and nourishes the cells of the central nervous system | Cerebrospinal |
| What is the name for the connective tissue layers that also protect the brain and spinal cord? | Meninges |
| In the central nervous system which matter is mainly axons of the neurons? | White matter |
| In the central nervous system which matter is mainly cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons? | Gray matter |
| The brain is divided into how many regions? | Three |
| What are the three regions of the brain? | The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain |
| The brain stem is made up of how many sections? | two |
| What are the two sections of the brain stem? | Hindbrain and midbrain |
| Which regions of the brain serve as a sensory filter, selecting which info reaches higher brain centers? | Hindbrain and Midbrain |
| What part of the hindbrain that is the planning center for body movements? | Cerebellum |
| What is a structure of the hindbrain which is responsible for the control of the Respiratory system? | The Pons |
| What is responsible for controlling many of the involuntary activities associated with eating? | medulla oblongata |
| Which part of the brain contains the most sophisticated integrating centers in the brain like the thalamus and hypothalamus? | Forebrain |
| What contains most of the cell bodies that relay info to the cerebrum and is found in the forebrain? | Thalamus |
| What controls many regulatory functions and is found in the forebrain? | Hypothalamus |
| What is the largest and most sophisticated part of our brain? | Cerebrum |
| What consists of right and left cerebral hemispheres? | Cerebrum |
| What is a highly folded layer of gray matter forming the surface of the cerebrum? | cerebral cortex |
| What helps produce our most distinctive human traits, when it comes to problem solving and complex thought? | Cerebral Cortex |
| What is the site of the most complex mental processing? | Cerebral Cortex |
| The right and left cerebral hemispheres are specialized for what? | different mental tasks |
| Each cerebral hemisphere has how many lobes? | four |
| In lateralization, areas in the two hemispheres become specialized for what? | Different Functions |
| In 1848 a railroad accident with a 3 foot long spike through the head happened to a man named what? | Phineas Gage |
| What did scientists study and find on the preserved skull? | The frontal lobe links personality |
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