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Ch 8 Vocabulary
AP Psychology Learning Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli; a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) and not with (2) |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimuli (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguished between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followers by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber (Skinner box) | a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal |
| imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
| reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing that desired response every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces only after a specified time has elapsed |
| variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| cognitive maps | a mental representative of the layout of one's environment; for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| over-justification effect | the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do; the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| observational learning | learning by observing others |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy |
| pro-social behavior | positive , constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior |
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lthom
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