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BIOLOGY PRE AP TAG
DNA Replication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 phases of Interphase | ,G1 |
| S (DNA Synthesis | |
| G2,What are the 3 major phases of the cell cycle,1.Interphase- what the cell is doing if not in mytosis /cytokinesis. 3 subphases of interphase | |
| -G1 | |
| -S | |
| -G2 | |
| 2. M = Mitotic phase (nuclear division) | |
| 3. C phase: cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides),What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (part of interphase),G1: | |
| 1.-first or primary growth phase of the cell. Cell grows the most in size | |
| 2.-Active RNA and protein synthesis | |
| 3.-Synthesis of various enzymes and other proteins necessary for DNA replication | |
| 4.-Histones (packaging proteins are also being synthesized),What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle (part of interphase),synthesis phase | |
| 1.-cell synthesizes a copy of the genome (all genetic material of cell)(doubles the amount) | |
| 2.-Double stranded DNA is replicated | |
| 3.-RNA and protein synthesis continues,What happens in G2 phase of the cell cycle (part of interphase),second growth phase- prepare for separation of genome | |
| 1.-Mitochondria and other organelles (llike centrioles) replicate | |
| -2.RNA and protein synthesis continues | |
| 3.-Proteins needed for mitotic phase (actin for microfilaments and microtubules) are produced (translated),What happens in M phase of the cell cycle. M = Mitosis,Mitosis (nuclear division) | |
| microtubule spindle apparatus assembles, binds to the chromosomes, and moves the sister chromatids apart (nucleus divides) | |
| Subdivided into 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase,What happens in C phase of the cell cycle,cytokinesis | |
| cytoplasm divides,What does a duplicated metaphase chromosome look like | ,duplicated metaphase chromosome,The next picture is the G2 phase of Interphase . Memorize where on picture you would find: |
| -Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) | |
| -Aster (spokes coming from centrosomes) | |
| -Chromatin duplicated | |
| -Nuclear envelope | |
| -Plasma membrane | |
| -nucleolus,,The next picture is Prophase. Memorize where on the picture you would find: | |
| -early mitotic spindle | |
| -centromere | |
| -chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids,,What 3 major structures would you see in a metaphase phase cell,,What 2 major structures would you see in a cell in Anaphase | ,-daughter chromosomes |
| -spindles,What 3 major structures would you see in a cell in Telophase and Cytokinesis | ,Nuclear envelope forming |
| Nucleolus forming | |
| Cleavage furrow,For essay question: memorize the 4 detailed steps of what happens to a plant cell in the Cytokinesis phase.,1. as mitosis ends, vesicles converge at spindle equator. They contain cementing material for a new cell wall. | |
| 2. cell plate starts forming AS membranes of the vessicles fuse. Materials inside the vesicles get sandwiched between 2 new membranes that elongate along the cell plate | |
| 3. cellulose is deposited on the inside of the sandwich. In time 2 cell walls will form. Other deposits will form a middle lamella and cement the walls together. | |
| 4. cell plate grows. It fuses with parent cell plasma membrane. During growth new plant cells expand. New material is deposited on it.,For essay question, study the 3 detailed steps of what happens in Cytokinesis phase in Animal cell,1. Mitosos is over an | |
| 2. at former spindle EQUATOR a ring of MICROFILAMENTS attach to the plasma membrane and contracs. As it contracts, it pulls the cell surface inward. | |
| 3. Contractions continue until the ring cuts the cell in 2.,What is purpose and result of mitosis,1.Growth 1 cell to 2, 2 cells to 4 = growth. | |
| -unicellular organisms such as amoebas do asexual reproduction | |
| 2. Two daughter cells that contain info identical to that of the parent cell,How are new cells used | ,-in repair |
| -replace cells that die | |
| -replace damaged cells,If an organism has 46 chromosomes per cell, after mitosis and cytokinesis, each daughter cell will have____ chromosomes,46,What are 'cyclins' | ,proteins that accumulate and rapidly disappear as the cell cycle progresses,What phases of the cell cycle are Cyclins especially important,G1 checkpoint and M checkpoint (learning about others),What other proteins do cyclins activate,kinases,What 2 funct |
| 2. kinases involved in activation of gene expression so proteins needed for cell cycle to progress,Uncontrolled cell growth | ,cancer,ESSAY QUESTION: DEFINE CELL DIVISON in PROKARYOTES and list the 2 steps (with 3 sub steps) in order,DEFINITION: binary fission occurs. It is asexual reproduction |
| (meaning the daughter cells are clones of the parent cells unless mutations occur) | |
| Steps: | |
| 1. DNA replicated | |
| a. DNA polymerase is main enzyme | |
| b. starts at origin of replication | |
| c. progresses toward replication forks in both directions | |
| 2. Cell splits into 2 cells,Diagram and label the steps of cell division in PROKARYOTES,,What would a picture of PROKARYOTE cell division look like | ,prokaryote cell division.,What is purpose of cell division in Eukaryotes (Animals) |
| 1. grow, repair, regenerate.,ESSAY QUESTION. What is involved in mitosis in Eukaryotes (animals) asexual or sexual reproduction | ,asexual reproduction |
| occurs in somatic (body cells) | |
| involves one round of cell division | |
| daughter cells are clones of parent cells | |
| diploid cell produces 2 diploid cells,ESSAY QUESTION: What is definition and steps of meiosis in Eukaryotes (animals) | ,-Meiosis takes place in the germinal (germ) cells of testes and ovaries |
| -Purpose = make sex cells (sperm and egg) also known as GAMETES | |
| -Involves 2 rounds of cell division | |
| -Produces cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the somatic (parent) cells | |
| -Diploid cell produces 4 haploid cells,Compare and contrast meiosis purpose and result with mitosis purpose and result,Meiosis..............................|. Mitosis | |
| make sex cells..................|. dup cells for growth | |
| 2 rounds cell division .......|.1 round cell division | |
| cells 1/2 # chromosomes| .same # chromosom | |
| diploid cell makes 4 haploid| diploid cell make 2,Look at a picture of chromosome duplication in mitosis. Be able to lable | |
| -centromere | |
| -separation of sister chromatids | |
| -distribute new chromosomes to daughter cells,,ESSAY QUESTION: Explain what a cell is doing in interphase,...,ESSAY QUESTION: Sequence the events of mitosis and cytokinesis,...,ESSAY QUESTION: Explain what happens to chromatin as it condenses into chromos | ,...,ESSAY QUESTION: Distinguish between cytokinesis in animal cells vs. plant cells,...,Contrast the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis,MITOSIS |.........................CYTOKINESIS |
| -nuclear division|............. -cytoplasm division | |
| -includes prophase|........ -very different in plants | |
| metaphase ........................vs. animals | |
| anaphase | |
| telophase,What is happening to these cells | How is this event important to the growth of mult icellular organisms,...,What does inter mean |
| 2. enzymes use energy from ATP to unwind the DNA double helix | |
| 3. DNA polymerase catalyzes new matching strand for each old DNA strand,Replica means what | ,copy in Latin,-some means |
| 2. replaces | |
| 3. makes DNA copy,What is the separation of sister chromatids called | ,chromosome segregation,What is a cell called when it has an abnormal number of chromosomes |
| Kinases in turn activate enzymes needed for the cell cycle to progress.,Kinetochores are also known as what type of protein | ,motor proteins, |
Created by:
stinglasher23
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