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Chap. 30 Plant Diver
Campbell Biology Chapter 30 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Seed plants and gametophyte, sporophyte generations | The gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte. Gametes of seed plants are mostly microscopic. The ability of the gametophyte to develop inside the spores reduced their exposu |
| Ovule/seed relationship | If a sperm fertilizes an egg of a seed plant, the zygote grows into a sporophyte embryo. The whole ovule develops into a seed: the embryo, along with a food supply, packaged within a protective coat derived from the integument(s). |
| Gymnosperm embryo and food reserves, ploidy | The embryo is diploid (2n), the endosperm (food reserve) is haploid (n), and the seed coat is diploid (2n). |
| Angiosperm embryo and food reserves, ploidy | The embryo is diploid (2n), the endosperm (food reserve) is triploid (3n), and the seed coat is diploid (2n). |
| Megaspores/Microspores and development | Seed plants are heterosporous (producing two kinds of spores): Megasporangia produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes. Microsporangia produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes. |
| Gymnosperm | A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in protective chambers. |
| Angiosperm | A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. (Seed plants with reproductive structures called fruits and flowers.) |
| Endosperm | In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds. |
| Sepals | A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens. (enclose the flower) |
| Petals | A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators. (brightly colored and attract pollinators) |
| Stamens | The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament. (produce pollen on their terminal anthers) |
| Carpels | The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. (produce ovules) |
| Dispersal agents | Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal. Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds. Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations. |
| Stigma | The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains. |
| Stamen | The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament. |
| Double fertilization | A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm. |
| Dicot (Eudicot) characteristics | • Two cotyledons • Veins usually netlike • Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring • Taproot (main root) usually present • Pollen grain with three openings • Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five |
| Monocot characteristics | • One cotyledon • Veins usually parallel • Vascular tissue scattered • Root system usually fibrous (no main root) • Pollen grain with one opening • Floral organs usually in multiples of three |
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