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Bio 189 Chap 12
DNA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do Chromsomes carry? | Genes |
| What are chromosomes composed of? | DNA and Protein |
| Early geneticists didn't know what carried what? | Genes |
| What substance contains information and are easy to copy, and be variable to account for diversity? | Chromosomes |
| Which genetic material is large and complex enough to store info? | Protein |
| Why did DNA seem unlikely to carry genes? | It seemed too small |
| Who performed an experiment proving that there was a transformative substance? | Frederick Griffith |
| Who performed an experiment using two strains of pneumococcus bacteria, one which was lethal to mice and the other was not? | Frederick Griffith |
| Was the R strand of bacteria harmless or deadly? | Harmless |
| Was the S strand of bacteria harmless or deadly? | Deadly |
| What is heat killed S strand? | Harmless |
| What does heat killed S do to R? | make it deadly |
| What year did Griffith perform his experiment? | 1928 |
| What three guys showed that by purifying different components from heat killed S strain bacteria mixture and adding them to living R strain bacteria, the DNA was the only one that could transform the cells? | Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty |
| What was the diference between the Griffith experiment and the Aver, MacLeod and McCarty experiment? | Avery found that DNA was the trasformative substance. |
| What year was the Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment? | 1944 |
| Who performed and experiment which confirmed the findings of AVER, MacLeod, and McCarty using a different method? | Hershey and Chase |
| What fact did Hershey and Chase take advatage of? | That phosphorus is an intergral part of DNA |
| What fact did Hershey and chase also take advantage of? | That sulfur was an integral part of most proteins |
| What year was the Hershey and Chase experiment? | 1952 |
| Hershey and Chase labeled the DNA in a bacterial virus with what? | Radioactive phosphorus |
| Hershey and Chase labeled the Protein in another bacterial virus with what? | Radioactive Sulfur |
| Which is not the genetic material? | Protein |
| Who proved that DNA is genetic material but protein isnt? | Hershey and Chase |
| Who determined that DNA is a double helix? | Watson and Crick |
| What researcher discovered that DNA extracted from cells, the amount of A equaled the amount of T and the amount of C equaled the amount of G but A+T did not equal C+G in most organisms. | Erwin Chargaff |
| What is the rule named after A=T and C=G? | Chargaffs Rule |
| How did Watson and Crick determine that DNA is a double helix? | By using knowledge of chemical structure and info from two other sources |
| What were the two other sources that Watson and Crick used? | Chargaffs Rule and Crystallography |
| What is the name of an X-ray used to reveal the basic shape of DNA? | Crystallography |
| Who collected the X-ray crystallography data? | Rosalind Franklin |
| How did Watson and crick find out that the molecule was a helical structure? | By using the crystallography data that franklin collected |
| What are the the four structures of DNA? | Double Stranded, linear helical structure, sugar-phosphate backbones, and nitrogenous base pairing |
| What did Watson and Crick win? | A nobel prize |
| Who died from cancer most likely from radiation? | Rosalind Franklin |
| What is the structure that is like a rope ladder but twisted? | DNA |
| In DNA what do the bases pair in? | complimentary fashion |
| What does A pair with? | T |
| What does C pair with? | G |
| In the double helix of DNA, what holds the nucleotide strands together? | Base-pairing also know as hydrogen bonds |
| What holds complimentary bases together? | Hydrogen bonds |
| What are the building blocks of DNA? | sugar-phosphate, base, and a Nucleotide |
| What is the backbone if a double helix? | sugar-phosphate |
| What kind of bond are between bases on the double helix strands? | Hydrogen |
| what makes copying sequence possible? | Base pairing |
| What are the three charcteristics of DNA? | Easily copied, sequence, and diversity |
| What is each strand in DNA for the other? | template |
| Where does the info in DNA come from? | The order of the four bases |
| How many bases in length? | Millions |
| What have different DNA sequences? | Alleles |
| Who has slight differences in base sequence? | Individuals |
| Who has greater differences in base pairing? | Different species |
| What is broken during DNA replication? | Hydrogen bonds |
| The duplicated strands are what? | Semiconservative |
| What phase does the DNA replication happen? | S phase of Interphase |
| What is the main enzyme in DNA replication? | DNA polymerase |
| What adds nucleotides with bases complementary to the template to the new DNA strand? | DNA polymerase |
| Many of what are involved in DNA replication? | Enzymes and Proteins |
| What is the name when there is one new strand and one old strand? | Semiconservative |
| What is the specific site where the strands seperate to allow for replication? | Origin of Replication |
| How many origns of replication do prokaryotic chromosomes have? | 1 |
| How many orgina of replication do eukaryotic chromosomes have? | hundreds |
| What is the error rate of DNA polymerase? | 1:10,000,000 (10 million) |
| What corrects mistakes in DNA replication? | Proofreading enzymes |
| What are changes in DNA sequence? | Mutations |
| What are incorrect base-pairings that are not fixed? | Mutations |
| Changes caused by mutagens? | Mutations |
| what are some harmful, some beneficial, and most silent | alleles |
| What are the three R's for DNA repair? | Recognize, Remove, and Replace |
| Which R do the proteins recognize defects in the DNA structure? | Recognize |
| Is all DNA repairable? | No |
| Another name for cell death when the cells self destruct | Apoptosis |
| What happens if apoptosis fails? | cells become cancerous |
| A disorder where the allele produces nonfunctional repair potein and cannot repair simple DNA damage from UV exposure | Xeroderma Pigmentosum |
| Is Xeroderma Pigmentosum a recessive or dominant disorder? | Recessive |
| What happes if you have Xerodema Pigmentosum and are exposed to the sun | blistering and skin cancer |
Created by:
paige883
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