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cell and tissue
Cell and Tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | the unit of structure and function of which all plants and animals are composed. |
| What is the division of Labor in higher organisms? | Cell, Tissue, Organ, System and body |
| Cytology. | The study of cells is called Cytology |
| List and describe the six functions of life? | 1) Respiration –2) Response to stimuli-3) Reproduction-4) Ingestion, digestion-5) Movement-6) Metabolism – |
| Respiration – | the use of oxygen by the cell resulting in a release of energy. |
| Response to stimuli- | adapting to limited changes in their external and internal environment. |
| Reproduction- | production of new cells. |
| Ingestion, | digestion, assimilation of nutrients and excretion of residue. |
| Movement- | through hair like extensions called cilia or flagella. |
| Metabolism | The sum of all p0hysical and chemical changes that take place within an organism. |
| What are the two processes that involves metabolism? | a) Catabolism-b) Anabolism – |
| Catabolism- | the tearing down process, the breakdown of substances, the end products usually being excreted. |
| Anabolism | – the building up process, the conversion of ingested substances into the constituents of protoplasm |
| What are the functions of cell membrane? | This structure separates the cell from the outside environment and retains internal structure. It also permits exportation and importation of materials. The cell membrane is a semi-permeable in that it is selective of what it allows in and out. |
| What is Diffusion? | Transfer of a substance through a membrane is called diffusion |
| What is the difference between osmosis and dialysis? | Transfer of a substance through a membrane is called diffusion. If it is a liquid it may be called osmosis or if it is a solid it may be called dialysis. |
| Osmosis: | If the transfer of a substance through a membrane is liquid is called Osmosis |
| Dialysis: | If the transfer of a substance through a membrane is solid is called Dialysis. |
| Semi-permeable: | Cell membrane is selective of what it allows in and out. |
| Organelles: | A specialized part of a cell that performs a specific function. |
| Cell membrane | this structure separates the cell from the outside environment and retains internal structure. |
| Protoplasm | The substance contained within the cell membrane |
| What are the two parts of the protoplasm? | a) Cytoplasm-b) Nucleoplasm |
| Cytoplasm | The substance between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane |
| Nucleoplasm | The substance within the nuclear membrane |
| What is Nucleus and what does it contain? | The vital body in the protoplasm, responsible in the growth, metabolism and reproduction of the cell. The nucleus contains the genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA) of the cell. |
| What are the main cell structures? | A) Cell membrane b) protoplasm c) nucleus d) organelles |
| Golgi complex | collects secretory products and packages them for export. |
| Lysosome | container of enzymes with great capacity to breakdown structure. |
| Centriole | rise to spindles used by migrating chromatids during cell division. |
| Rough ER | transports protein synthesized at the ribosome. |
| Mitochondria | energy for cell operations is generated here |
| Vacuole | membrane lined containers that can merge with one another. |
| Smooth ER | synthesizes complex molecules called steroids in some cells |
| Ribosome | the site of protein synthesis |
| What kinds of Endoplasmic reticulum do we have | a) Rough-b) Smooth |
| Rough | transports protein synthesized at the ribosomes. |
| Smooth | synthesizes complex molecules called steroids in some cells; stores calcium ions in muscle; breaks down toxins in the liver. |
| What are the three types of cell reproduction | Amitosis-Mitosis-Meiosis |
| Amitosis is also known as | direct cell division or binary fission |
| Amitosis;the results, where do they occurs and what requires | 2 daughter cells identical to parent — Bacteria—known as direct cell division or binary fission |
| Mitosis; the results, where do they occurs | 2 daughter cells identical to parent with the same numbers of chromosomes—human body cells (skin, hair, nails)—requires a series of steps called IPMAT |
| Meiosis; the results, where do they occurs | 4 daughter cells with ½ chromosomes as parent—sex cells (ova/sperm)—requires 2 sets of steps IPMAT*2 |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells acting together to perform a specific function. |
| histology | The study of tissues |
| the four types of body tissues | A) EpithelialB) ConnectiveC) Muscle D) Nervous |
| Epithelial | It forms a shield to protect body. And if forms the body’s surface (skin), the surfaces of the body’s cavities and their contained viscera, glands, and all tubular organs, e.g. ducts and vessels. |
| Connective | connects, binds and supports body structures. Fat, bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, blood and lymph are examples. |
| Muscle: | consists of cells that contract to produce movement due to nervous stimulation. Muscle tissue is classified according to its location. |
| Nervous | It takes the massage to the brain for feeling of pain and so on. Makes up the nervous system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and all nerves. |
| three types of epithelial tissue | A) Simple epitheliumB) Stratified epitheliumC) Glandular epithelium |
| Simple epithelium: | One cell thick-Functions in filtration, diffusion, secretion and absorption-Found in the capillaries, in the air cells in the lungs or in theFiltration capsules in the kidneys. |
| Stratified epithelium | Many cells thick -Resistant to wear and tear due to a ready replacement of cells Found lining the cavities (oral cavity) of the body as well as Covering the body (epidermis) |
| Glandular epithelium | Groups of glandular cells Glandular cells produce and secrete/excrete materials of Varying composition Sweat, milk sebum, hormones |
| three types of connective tissue fibers found in the skin | A) CollagenB) Elastin(elastic fibers) C)Reticular fibers |
| Collagen | fibers allow for great strength(bone or cartilage) and also retain water(skin) |
| Elastin(elastic fibers): | Allow for extensibility and elasticity(cartilage) |
| Reticular fibers | form a very fine meshwork of support for delicate structures such as capillaries |
| three types of muscle tissue | A)StriatedB)Non striated or smoothC)Cardiac |
| Striated | attached to bone and allows for skeletal movement— under voluntary control—biceps, triceps |
| Non striated or smooth muscle tissue | Found in the walls of internal organs—under involuntary control—uterus, digestive tract |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Makes up the heart and muscle—under involuntary control—allows for heart contractions |
| Turgor | The term is used for the moisture content of the skin in connective tissue of collagen fibers |
| Tonus | The term used for the elasticity, or tone, of the skin in connective Tissue in Elastin |
| What is the function of the nervous tissue and do they reproduce? | The function of the nervous tissue is reception and response to stimuli, the functional cells (neurons) do not reproduce therefore injuries to nervous tissue may result in permanent damage |
| Mucous Membrane | Lines cavities open to the exterior of the body. Secretes mucous for moisture, e.g. oral cavity, nasal cavity |
| Serous membrane | prevents friction between internal organs. Lines closed body cavities—secretes serous fluid |
| Cutaneous membrane | covers the outside of the body—secretes sebum—prevents moisture loss form the skin |
| Synovial membrane | lubricates joints—Lines joint cavities—secretes Synovial fluid |
| body system | Each body system consists of groups of organs related to each other and functions together in the performance of certain functions |
| List the ten body Systems? (Remember CRIME NERDS) | Circulatory-Respiratory-Integumentary-Muscular-Endocrine-Nervous-Excretory-Reproductive-Digestive-Skeletal |
| Integumentary | the skin and its appendages (hair, nails, and glands) |
| Skeletal | Bones |
| Muscular | muscles |
| Nervous | the central and peripheral nervous systems |
| Circulatory | the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems |
| Endocrine | the hormone producing glands |
| Excretory | the organs that eliminate the body’s wastes |
| Respiratory | the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Digestive | the nourishment of the body |
| Reproductive | the organs involved in reproduction |
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