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BIO 202 Practical 2
blood vessels, lymphatic/immunity systems, respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tidal Volume (TV) | volume that is inhaled OR exhaled during normal quiet breathing |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after taking the deepest most forceful inhalation possible |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a TV inhalation IRV=VC-(TV+ERV) |
| Residual Volume (RV) | volume remaining in lungs are the most forceful exhalation |
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | max volume of air one can forcefully inhale following TV exhalation IC=TV+IRV |
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | volume of air remaining in the lungs following TV exhalation FRC=ERV+RV |
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | total volume of air the lungs can contain TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV |
| Leucopenia | decreased number of white blood cells |
| How are antibodies allowed to bind to millions of different antigens? | a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable |
| What part of the body does the thoracic duct collect lymph from? | the body inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body superior to the diaphragm |
| Function of white pulp | lymphocyte production, immunity |
| Function of red pulp | disposal of red cell material and bloodborne pathogens |
| Which vessel is used to measure blood pressure, and which is used to measure pulse rate? | brachial artery and radial artery |
| What mechanism of venous circulation in the lower part of the body causes rhythmic contraction propelling blood toward the heart? | muscular pump |
| What is the ring of arteries that encircle the pituitary gland at the base of the brain? | Circle of Willis or cerebral arterial circle |
| In which type of capillary do you find pores that penetrate the endothelial lining and allow rapid exchange of water and solutes between plasma and interstitial fluid? | fenestrated |
| What is an anastomosis? | the joining of blood vessels |
| Total peripheral resistance reflects a combination of five factors. Name them | vascular resistance, vessel length, vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and turbulence |
| Upon standing up quickly, Brandon begins to fell light headed and faints. Explain what happened. | Blood pooled in the lower limbs, which decreased venous return to the heart. In turn, cardiac output decreased, so less blood reached his brain, causing light-headedness and fainting. |
| Diffusion across the capillary walls at alveoli removes _____ and provides ______ to the blood. | CO2; O |
| Which vessel is commonly used to obtain blood samples and administer meds directly into the bloodstream? | median cubital |
| When Cameron woke up from his coronary bypass surgery, his legs hurt and he noticed he had staples down both of his legs. Why did his legs have staples? | the great saphenous vein is frequently excised and used as a coronary bypass vessel |
| What is the purpose of hepatic portal veins? | to bring blood from intestines, stomach, and pancreas into liver prior to entering the rest of the body so the liver can receive digested substances first |
| What vessels does the bachiocephalic trunk break off to? | right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery |
| Jennifer threatens to hold her breath until she dies if she doesn’t get an A on this exam. Is this possible? Why or why not? | Respiration can be voluntary inhibited for a period of time, but eventually voluntary control is overridden by the buildup of CO2 levels and the decrease of O2 levels. |
| What is delivered to the alveoli? | CO2 |
| Name a disorder that would be responsible for this destruction of alveolar surfaces as shown (microscope) | Emphysema, lung cancer, etc. |
| How do antibodies work? | antibodies bind specifically with antigens forming antigen-antibody complexes that inactive the antigen by neutralization, agglutination; or precipitation, which enhances phagocytosis by macrophages. |
| In pneumonia, fluid accumulates in the alveoli of the lungs. How would this accumulation affect vital capacity? | Because fluid produced in pneumonia takes up space that would normally be occupied by air, vital capacity would decrease. |
| What do veins have that arteries don’t? | valves |
| What are the structural differences between arteries and veins? | arteries are thicker due to tunica media; arteries are wavy so they can expand and recoil |
| What is the tunica media of an artery composed of? | smooth muscle |
| How does the fetus receive oxygen from its mother? | placenta |
| Vasodilation | widening of blood vessels |
| Vasoconstriction | narrowing of blood vessels |
| Where do the two common carotid arteries originate? | aorta |
| Blood flow (F) | the amount of blood flowing through a tissue at any given time |
| Perfusion | rate of blood flow per given tissue mass |
| Blood pressure (P) | the force that blood exerts on a vessel wall |
| Systolic | pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction |
| Diastolic | pressure exerted in arterial walls during ventricular relaxation |
| Pulse pressure | difference between systolic and diastolic pressures |
| Mean arterial pressure | pressure that propels blood into tissues |
| Blood hydrostatic pressure | pressure that drives fluids out of capillaries; physical force exerted against a surface by a liquid |
| Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) | pressure resulting from solutes in the blood; draws fluid into capillary |
| Peripheral resistance (PR) | resistance to blood flow |
| Factors that affect peripheral resistance | blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius |
| What is lymph responsible for? | collecting and removing waste products left behind in tissues |
| What kind of circuit does lymph flow in? | an open circuit |
| Is lymph pumped? | No, it passively flows from the tissues into the lymph capillaries. It is aided by other body movements such as deep breathing and the action of nearby muscles and blood vessels. |
| What color is lymph that has been filtered and is ready to return to the cardio system? | clear or milky white |
| What do lymph nodes do? | filter lymph; kill pathogens and some cancer cells |
| Where are Peyer’s Patches located? | ileum (end of small intestine) |
| What are the three kinds of tonsils and how many are there of each? | palatine (2), lingual (2), and pharyngeal (1) |
| Where do the lymphatic ducts empty? | right and left subclavian veins |
| What is another name for the left lymphatic duct? | left thoracic duct |
| List the organs of the lymphatic system. | tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen |
| Edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body |
| How do we measure lung volume? | spirometry |
| Which side of the lung has two lobes? | left |
| Which side of the lung has 3 lobes? | right |
| What directions are CO2 and O moving between membranes? | CO2 is moving into alveoli; O is moving into blood vessels |
| What are the three functions of the nasal conchae? | humidify, warm, and clean |
| What are the three regions of the pharynx? | oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| Hyperventilation | increased respiratory rate |
| Tonsils | defense against bacteria and other foreign pathogens |
| Right lymphatic duct | drains right upper portion of body |
| Thymus gland | site where certain white blood cells acquire means to chemically recognize specific foreign invaders |
| Thoracic duct | drains most of body |
| Spleen | site where antibodies are manufactured; disposal site for old red blood cells and foreign debris |
| Some of the lymph vessels | return excess intestinal fluid and reclaimable solutes to the blood |
| Some of the lymph nodes | filter bacteria and many other agents of disease from lymph |
| Bone marrow | marrow in some bones are production sites for infection fighting blood cells |
| How would a diuretic act to improve blood pressure? | A diuretic increases the diuresis of fluid by the kidneys. It reduces plasma volume and decreases blood pressure. (three factors that impact blood pressure?) |
| How do beta-blockers improve blood pressure? | A beta blocker blocks the effects of epinephrine, decreases heart rate and decreases blood pressure |
| When does the thoracic aorta change its name? | at the point it pierces through the diaphragm, it becomes the abdominal aorta |
| How does blood get from the abdominal aorta to the spleen? | splenic artery |
| How does blood get to the stomach? | mesenteric arteries |
| Inferiorly, the abdominal aorta branches into two major vessels, called? | celiac and mesenteric arteries |
| Which veins unite to form the superior vena cava? | right and left brachiocephalic veins |
| Which veins form the inferior vena cava? | common iliac veins |
| When you take your wrist pulse, which artery are you feeling? | ulnar artery |
| What arteries supply the fingers? | digital arteries |
| What tissue does the internal iliac artery supply? | pelvis |
| What tissues are supplied by the external iliac artery? | legs |
| At what point does the external iliac artery/vein become the femoral artery/vein? | when it pierces the abdominal wall |
| Where is the plantar arterial arch located? | foot |
| What is the purpose of the hepatic portal veins? | passes blood to liver and regulation of blood sugar concentration |
| What arteries supply the cheeks? | facial |
Created by:
slarmentrout
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