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Anatomy1151
Question | Answer |
---|---|
How many functions does the skeletal system have? | The skeletal system has 5 functions |
Name the five functions of the skeletal system? | 1. Support 2. Storage of minerals and lipids 3. Protection 4. Blood cell production 5. Protection |
Support | The skeletal system provides structural support for the entire body, along with tissue and organs. |
Storage of minerals and lipids | Minerals are important in maintaining the osmosis of body fluids (important for physiological process). The bones of the skeleton also store energy reserves as lipids in areas filled with yellow bone marrow. |
Blood cell reproduction | Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced in red bone marrow, which fills the internal cavities of many bones. |
Protection | skeletal structures that protets soft tissues and organs. Ribs protect heart and lungs, skull protects brain, vertebrae protects spinal cord, pelvis cradles digestistive and reproductive organs |
Leverage | A skeletal that is used for movement when combined with muscle. |
What are the 6 categories of the individual bone shapes? | 1. sutural bones 2. Irregular bones 3. sesamoid bones 4. long bones 5. flat bones 6. short bones |
Sutural bones | Wormian bones, small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull. |
Short bones | short, and boxy such as the carpals and tarsals. |
Irregular bones | Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. vertebrae, bones of the pelvis, several skull bones |
flat bones | thin parallel surfaces, form roof of skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae. Provides protection for underlying soft tissues. |
long bones | long and slender, located in arm and forearm. Also located in the thigh and leg, fingers, toes, soles and palms. Femur is the largest and heaviest bone in the body. |
sesamoid bones | small, flat, and shaped like a sesame. They are developed in tendons, most likely located near joints at the knees, hands, and the feet. |
Bone markings | (Surface features) Each bone in the body has characterist external and internal features, including elevations, projections, depressions, grooves, and tunnels. |
Diaphysis | A long bone with an extended tubular shaft. |
What are the two types of bone tissue | Compact (dense) bone and spongy (cancellous) bone. |
Name the four types of bone cells | 1. Osteocytes 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteoprogenitor cells 4. Osteoclast |
Osteocyte | located in lacunae surrounded between layers of matrix called Lamellae. Also mature bone cells that make up most of cell production. connected to gap junctions. |
Osteocyte funtions | Maintain protien and mineral content of the surrounding Matrix, participate in repair of damaged bones. Continuouslly remove and replace calcium salts |
Osteoblasts | produce new bone matrix through osteogenesis. Secrete osteoid which forms framework in matrix for ossification deposit of minerals. Increase calcium salt in the matrix, this process turns osteoid into bone. |
How are osteocytes developed? | Developed from osteoblasts that have completely surrounded by matrix. |
Osteoprogenitor | Found in inner cellular layer of periosteium + inner layer (endosteum)lining medullary cavities and linning passways containing blood vessels. |
Osteoclasts | large cells with 50 or more nuclei, also remove and recycle bone matrix, derive from blood cells, secrete enzymes and acids to dissolve matrix and realease store minerals = osteolysis. Regulats calcium + phosphate levels in body fluids. |
Osteon | basic functional unit of mature compact bone, has a central canal w/ layers around it containing osteocytes. |
central canal | contains blood vessels run parallel to the bone surface. |
Volkmanns canals (perforating canals) | extend perependicular to the surface, blood vessels in these canals supply blood to osteons deeper in bone and to tissues fo the medullary cavity. |
Spongy bone strucure | the end of bone made of spongy bone. |
trabecular | spongy bone forms meshwork of fibers, and bone marrow is found at trabecular. |
avascular | nutrients that move by diffusion along canaliculli |
Periosteum | 2 layers, inner cellular-outer = fibrous. Covers all bones except within joint cavities. |
Periosteum funtions | Isolates bone from surounding tissue, provides route for circulatory and nervous supply. Participates in bone growth and repair. |
fibers are | interwoven in fibers of tendons and ligaments, as bones grow those fibers become comented into matrix |
Endosteum | Incomplete cellular layer lining the medullary cavity, covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines inner surfaces of central canals. Consist of a simple flattened layer of of osteoprogenitor cells. |
Bone growth and development | boney skeleton forms around six weeks after fertilization, doesn't stop until age 25. |
Classification happens during? | Ossification |
Ossification is the | formation of bone (deposit of calcium salts). |
What are the two major types of ossification? | Endochondrial (bone replaces cartiladge) and Intramembranous (produces dermal bones) |
sagittal suture | extends from the lambdoid suture to the coronal suture, between the parietal bones |
squamous suture | boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side. |
Foramen magnum | medulla oblongata which provides motor control over several neck and back muscles |
jugular foramen | internal jugular vein, important vein returning blood from vein to heart. |
carotid canal | internal carotid artery supplies blood to brain |
external acoustic meatus | Air in meatus conducts sound to eardrum |
optic canal | optic nerve brings information from the eye to the brain-artery brings blood into orbit |
Orbits | bony recesses that conain the eyes |
orbital complex | maxilla provides most f the orbital floor. orbital rim and medial wall are formed by the maxilla, lateral mass of the ethmoid, sphenoid and a small process of palatine bone, maxilla articulates zygomatic bone, forms lateral wall, rim of orbit. |
Which of these organs does the sacrum not protect? | kidney |
Which of the following statements about the paranasal sinuses is true? | They make the skull bones lighter. They connect to the nasal cavities. They are lined with a ciliated epithelium. All of these statements are true of the paranasal sinuses |
The articulation between the parietal and occipital bones is the _______ suture. | lambdoid |
ethmoid | forms the anteromedial floor of the cranium. |
Which foramen, allows passage of the internal jugular veins? | jugular |
true ribs | They articulate with thoracic vertebrae, They articulate with the sternum, They are ribs 1 to 7. |
The anterior fontanel is located __________ to the frontal bone. | posterior |
The hard palate is formed primarily by the __________ bones. | maxillary |
spinous | The spinous process projects posteriorly. |
The vertebral column contains __________ cervical vertebrae. | seven |
Which of the following is a part of the axial division of the skeletal system? | skull, sternum, ribs |
maxilla | The maxilla is inferior to the palatine. |
The dorsal spines are especially long on __________ vertebrae. | thoracic |
Safaa LaRoche Part A Which of the following bones is found within the nasal cavity? | inferior nasal concha, ethmoid bone, vomer bone |
Which facial bone supports the upper teeth? | maxillary bones |
Which bone forms the lower part of the bony nasal septum? | vomer bone |
Prominent markings on the skull include the __________ sutures. | coronal and sagittal |
False ribs | Ribs 8 through 12 are the false ribs. |
Which suture connects the parietal bone to the occipital bone? | lambdoid suture |
Which bone contains the mastoid process, styloid process, and external acoustic meatus? | temporal bone |
Which opening (hole) is located above the eye socket? | supraorbital foramen |
Which of these is a spinal curve? | sacral, cervical, thoracic |
The cranial sutures begin to form at about what age? | five |
Which spinal curve develops as the infant learns balance? | The cranial, curve develops in response to the weight of the head when the toddler is learning balance. |
Which fontanelle of the infant skull is often referred to as the "soft spot" on newborns? | The anterior is the largest fontanelle and is easily seen at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures. |
What organ is located in the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone? | pituitary gland |
Which of the following statements about the coccygeal spinal region is true? | It is the most caudal vertebral region. Fusion begins around age 26. It anchors a muscle that constricts the anal opening. |
The weight-bearing region of a vertebra is the __________. | vertebral body |
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton? | patella |
Which of the following bones is part of the vertebral column? | sacrum, coccyx, vertebrae |
Which bone of the axial skeleton protects the brain? | cranium |
True (vertebrosternal) ribs _______. | are directly attached to the sternum by separate costal cartilages |
False (vertebrochondral) ribs _______. | are not directly attached to the sternum |
Floating (vertebral) ribs _______. | have no connection with the sternum, and are only attached to the vertebrae |
What part of the sternum articulates with rib pairs 2–7? | body |
sagital | The sagittal suture is found between the right and left parietal bones. |